Architectural Evaluation of Switchable Glazing Technologies as Sun Protection Measure

Marchwiński, Janusz

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.158

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Focusing now on structural glass and façade construction within the whole building industry, this branch is, in contrast to more established branches such as concrete or steel construction or bridge design, rela-tively progressive, innovative and open to technology. This can be demonstrated by numerous projects in the field of façade constructions, such as the use of adaptive façade elements in the building envelope (Shahin 2019;Romano et al 2018), switchable glass as sun protection (Marchwiński 2014;Vergauwen et al 2013), numerical modeling of complex adhesively bonded façade elements (Drass and Kraus 2020a), the consideration of time and temperature dependent material behavior of polymeric interlayers in laminated glasses in the intact and post-failure state (Kraus 2019), or the parametric design of building envelopes (Wang and Li 2010;Zhang et al 2019;Granadeiro et al 2013;Vergauwen et al 2013). Within this section, the focus is on structural glass and façade construction within the building industry.…”

Section: Ai Applied To Structural Glass and Related Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Artificial intelligence for structural glass engineering applications — overview, case studies and future potentials

Kraus

Drass

2020

Glass Struct Eng

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’Big data’ and the use of ’Artificial Intelligence’ (AI) is currently advancing due to the increasing and even cheaper data collection and processing capabilities. Social and economical change is predicted by numerous company leaders, politicians and researchers. Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) are sub-types of AI, which are gaining high interest within the community of data scientists and engineers worldwide. Obviously, this global trend does not stop at structural glass engineering, so that, the first part of the present paper is concerned with introducing the basic theoretical frame of AI and its sub-classes of ML and DL while the specific needs and requirements for the application in a structural engineering context are highlighted. Then this paper explores potential applications of AI for different subjects within the design, verification and monitoring of façades and glass structures. Finally, the current status of research as well as successfully conducted industry projects by the authors are presented. The discussion of specific problems ranges from supervised ML in case of the material parameter identification of polymeric interlayers used in laminated glass or the prediction of cut-edge strength based on the process parameters of a glass cutting machine and prediction of fracture patterns of tempered glass to the application of computer vision DL methods to image classification of the Pummel test and the use of semantic segmentation for the detection of cracks at the cut edge of glass. In the summary and conclusion section, the main findings for the applicability and impact of AI for the presented structural glass research and industry problems are compiled. It can be seen that in many cases AI, data, software and computing resources are already available today to successfully implement AI projects in the glass industry, which is demonstrated by the many current examples mentioned. Future research directories however will need to concentrate on how to introduce further glass-specific theoretical and human expert knowledge in the AI training process on the one hand and on the other hand more pronunciation has to be laid on the thorough digitization of workflows associated with the structural glass problem at hand in order to foster the further use of AI within this domain in both research and industry.

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Section: Ai Applied To Structural Glass and Related Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Artificial intelligence for structural glass engineering applications — overview, case studies and future potentials

Kraus

Drass

2020

Glass Struct Eng

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“…17 Details about microblinds are available through few conference proceeding paper, 17 patent, and web presence. 18,48 Their video has been quite popular, and they have been cited in few reviews on switchable glass 14,15 and market reports. [19][20][21] They successfully tried various TCOs.…”

Section: National Research Council Canadamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, the most popular types of active switchable glasses are based on electrochromism (EC), suspended particle devices, or liquid crystal devices (LCDs). [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Electrochromic switchable glass was considered very promising from 2000 to 2010, but after several decades of research-development (R-D), thousands of patents, dozens of startups, and one decade of commercial availability, one has to acknowledge that there are important issues (such as speed, memory, tint, cost, blockage, and stability) that still prevent wide customer acceptance. Each switchable technology has the potential to find a niche application depending on its performance; moreover, it may be time to turn our efforts toward other switchable technologies, for example, a technology quite different from the rest, namely microshutters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 (republished three times under requests) and slideshare 18 ]. Microblinds were also compared with other switchable glass technologies in review papers 14,15 and market reports. [19][20][21] Several groups have worked on various versions of microshutters, namely NRC, 17 New Visual Media Group (NVMG), 22,23 University of Kassel, 24,25 Institut National d'Optique (INO), 26 University of Tokyo, 27 Samsung, 28 U.S. Air Force (USAF), 29 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 30,31 Microelectronic Center of North Carolina (MCNC), 32 Fiat, 33,34 and University of Stuttgart.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of microshutters for switchable glass

Lamontagne

Fong

Song

et al. 2019

J. Micro/Nanolith. MEMS MOEMS

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Background: Switchable glasses allow the control of light transmission-an attractive property for applications such as car sunroofs, aircraft windows, building windows, augmented reality, imaging, and displays. Commercialized switchable glasses have severe limitations, such as speed, cost, and operating conditions, among others. Microshutters, a type of switchable glass with very distinctive properties, are reviewed, as they are a technology that could significantly improve some or all of the shortcomings mentioned above. Aim: We will summarize the various types of microshutters and tentatively identify various critical designs, fabrication schemes, and performance criteria by the many research groups implementing them and investigating their properties. Approach: We will describe the various approaches used to control light transmission through microelectromechanical systems. It will compare their performances and comment on fabrication and implementation challenges. Conclusions: Microshutters have performance levels that could make them good candidates for switchable glasses. Many research groups have investigated various approaches to fabricate microshutters and have shown that they can be implemented reliably on a small scale, with fast actuation, low power, and high contrast and are relatively easy to manufacture. Work is needed to demonstrate that they can be scaled-up and still be economical to produce.

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“…Controlling the excess of solar energy without compromising the visible transparency of the window is an important consideration for human health: maintaining inside/outside contact and daylighting are vital in retaining well-being and productivity, as well as providing economic and aesthetic gain by reducing the need for artificial lighting systems. [9,10] These are challenging goals for a window to realize.A number of materials have been developed over the past few decades to maintain indoor temperatures. Many of these focus on the opaque structural building elements like walls and roofing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials

Khandelwal

Schenning

Debije

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

337

220

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(IR), here defined as light with wavelengths between 700 nm and 2500 nm, accounts for around 50% of the total energy emitted by the sun reaching Earth (Figure 1b), [3,4] and this light produces interior heating but is invisible to the unaided eye.The absorption of sunlight by building materials and passage of IR through transparent surfaces such as windows is responsible for much of the interior overheating of office rooms, automobile interiors, greenhouses, and other similar spaces. The use of artificial cooling and heating systems will only increase with the continued influence of global climate change, with energy used for cooling systems surpassing energy used for heating around the year 2070, and a 40 fold increase in air cooling energy use is expected by 2100. [5] By controlling the influx of radiant heat transfer, calculations show that more than 50% of the energy used in lighting, heating and cooling could be saved by deploying better control systems over only 18% of available window stock. [6] In areas with human inhabitants employing windows, more aspects must be considered than simply reducing the use of energy in the room: any switchable window used in, for example, a commercial office space has several other requirements that must be met before it may be installed. Among these requirement are reasonably fast switching speeds [7] (although for IR control, relatively longer times compared to visible light switching should be acceptable), good optical transparency with minimum haze, an acceptable device lifetime, [8] and functionality over a range of exterior temperatures. Controlling the excess of solar energy without compromising the visible transparency of the window is an important consideration for human health: maintaining inside/outside contact and daylighting are vital in retaining well-being and productivity, as well as providing economic and aesthetic gain by reducing the need for artificial lighting systems. [9,10] These are challenging goals for a window to realize.A number of materials have been developed over the past few decades to maintain indoor temperatures. Many of these focus on the opaque structural building elements like walls and roofing. [10][11][12][13] Other solutions target the transparent window, employing external mechanical shutters and blinds, [14] phase change materials (PCMs), [15] thermochromic materials, [16] aerogels, [17] trapped gas in fluid membranes, [18] and even phononic materials, [19] among other options. Indeed, controlling heat passage through the window in response to changing climate conditions is a great challenge; ideally, one would accomplish Windows are vital elements in the built environment that have a large impact on the energy consumption in indoor spaces, affecting heating and cooling and artificial lighting requirements. Moreover, they play an important role in sustaining human health and well-being. In this review, we discuss the next generation of smart windows based on organic materials which can change their properties by reflecting or trans...

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Architectural Evaluation of Switchable Glazing Technologies as Sun Protection Measure

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

Artificial intelligence for structural glass engineering applications — overview, case studies and future potentials

Artificial intelligence for structural glass engineering applications — overview, case studies and future potentials

Review of microshutters for switchable glass

Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials

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