Are all judgments created equal?

Reggev, Niv; Zuckerman, Maya; Maril, Anat

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.013

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…In two previous studies (Maril et al, 2005;Reggev et al, 2011), PPC activity was observed when subjects assigned FOK ratings for nonrecallable facts rather than "don't know" responses. We suggest that such PPC activity can now be distinguished between vPPC activations, driven by trace access, and dPPC activations, driven by inferential processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Previous FOK studies have focused primarily on the PFC's role in mediating FOK judgments (Janowsky, Shimamura, & Squire, 1989;Kikyo et al, 2002;Maril et al, 2005; The results are separated by condition (episodic or semantic) Wagner, & Schacter, 2001;Reggev, Zuckerman, & Maril, 2011;Schnyer et al, 2005). As mentioned above, these prior studies restricted analyses to FOK ratings of nonrecalled information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neural correlates of metacognitive monitoring during episodic and semantic retrieval

Elman

Klostermann

Marian

et al. 2012

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Activity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been shown to be a strong correlate of successful recognition performance. We assessed the degree to which the PPC mediates metacognitive judgments by assessing the feeling of knowing (FOK) for recently learned (episodic) and welllearned (semantic) facts (e.g., "The sport that is associated with Wimbledon is . . ."). Activity in ventral regions of the PPC was observed for strong FOKs for both sets of facts, although greater activity was observed for episodic than for semantic facts. Strong semantic FOKs activated anterior temporal regions. Weaker FOK ratings, when contrasted with strong FOKs, activated dorsal parietal regions, a finding that parallels contrasts during explicit tests in which low-confident responses were compared with highconfident responses. These findings demonstrate retrievalrelated parietal activity during metacognitive judgments. Furthermore, they show that the ventral PPC is particularly engaged during context-specific, episodic retrieval, as compared to semantic retrieval.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of metacognitive monitoring during episodic and semantic retrieval

Elman

Klostermann

Marian

et al. 2012

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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“…Turning to metamemory, several fMRI studies have shown that the DLPFC modulates based on the level of FOK expressed [20–23]. The left DLPFC, in particular, showed similar FOK-related activity for episodic and semantic memory tasks [24]. Additionally, several lesion studies have shown deficits in metamemory with frontal lobe damage in different kinds of memory and metamemory tasks [5, 25–27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We chose to stimulate the left DLPFC because it has modulated by the level of FOK in both episodic and semantic memory tasks [24] and chose the left ATL because it has been shown to be critical for semantic memory [6,53]. HD-tDCS over the DLPFC improved metamemory accuracy, but there were no significant effects of ATL stimulation on recall, recognition, or FOK judgments [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of HD-tDCS on memory and metamemory for general knowledge questions that vary by difficulty

2017

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Background The ability to monitor one’s own memory is an important feature of normal memory and is an aspect of ‘metamemory’. Lesion studies have shown dissociations between memory and metamemory, but only single dissociations have been shown using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). One potential reason that only single dissociations have been shown is that tDCS effects may be moderated by task difficulty. Objective/Hypothesis We used high definition (HD) tDCS to test for dissociable roles of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in semantic long-term memory and metamemory tasks. We also tested whether general knowledge question difficulty moderated the effects of HD-tDCS. Methods Across 3 sessions, participants received active HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC or left ATL, or sham HD-tDCS during general knowledge recall and recognition tests, and a ‘feeling-of-knowing’ metamemory task. General knowledge questions were blocked by difficulty. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine the effects of HD-tDCS on memory and metamemory tasks by memory question difficulty. Results HD-tDCS over the ATL led to improved recall compared to DLPFC and sham HD-tDCS, and this occurred only for medium difficulty questions. In contrast, for non-recalled questions, HD-tDCS over the DLPFC led to improved recognition accuracy and improved feeling-of-knowing accuracy compared to ATL and sham HD-tDCS, and this was not moderated by memory question difficulty. Conclusion(s) HD-tDCS can be used to dissociate the roles of the ATL and DLPFC in different memory and ‘metamemory’ tasks. The effects of HD-tDCS on task may be moderated by task difficulty, depending on the nature of the task and site of stimulation.

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“…We targeted the left DLPFC because it has modulated by level of FOK across multiple kinds of tasks (Reggev, Zuckerman, & Maril, 2011). Paralleling lesion studies that have compared patients with frontal and temporal lesions to examine metamemory versus memory contributions to FOK accuracy (Shimamura & Squire, 1986), we compared left DLPFC stimulation to left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) stimulation because the left ATL has been shown to be critical for semantic memory (Hodges, Patterson, Oxbury, & Funnell, 1992; Mummery et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves memory monitoring

Chua

Ahmed

2016

Neuropsychologia

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The ability to accurately monitor one's own memory is an important feature of normal memory function. Converging evidence from neuroimaging and lesion studies have implicated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in memory monitoring. Here we used high definition transcranial direct stimulation (HD-tDCS), a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, to test whether the DLPFC has a causal role in memory monitoring, and the nature of that role. We used a metamemory monitoring task, in which participants first attempted to recall the answer to a general knowledge question, then gave a feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgment, followed by a forced choice recognition task. When participants received DLPFC stimulation, their feeling-of-knowing judgments were better predictors of memory performance, i.e., they had better memory monitoring accuracy, compared to stimulation of a control site, the anterior temporal lobe (ATL). Effects of DLPFC stimulation were specific to monitoring accuracy, as there was no significant increase in memory performance, and if anything, there was poorer memory performance with DLPFC stimulation. Thus we have demonstrated a causal role for the DLPFC in memory monitoring, and showed that electrically stimulating the left DLPFC led people to more accurately monitor and judge their own memory.

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Are all judgments created equal?

Cited by 26 publications

References 76 publications

Neural correlates of metacognitive monitoring during episodic and semantic retrieval

Neural correlates of metacognitive monitoring during episodic and semantic retrieval

Effects of HD-tDCS on memory and metamemory for general knowledge questions that vary by difficulty

Electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves memory monitoring

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