“…Many educational institutions have effectively used LMSs and continue to research the effectiveness of using various types of LMSs. Recent studies focussing on STEM education suggest that various LMSs and associated tools increase student engagement, motivation, collaboration (Araya & Collanqui, 2021 ; Campbell et al, 2020 ; Hwang, 2020 ; Jones et al, 2021 ), performance, retention, and critical thinking (Alkholy et al, 2015 ; Ardianti et al, 2020 ; Bernacki et al, 2020 ; Cadaret & Yates, 2018 ; Hempel et al, 2020 ; Oguguo et al, 2021 ). In addition, LMSs allow STEM educators to track learning outcomes, predict achievements (for early detection of students at risk), and then use the identified information to adapt and modify teaching practices (Dominguez et al, 2016 ; Hempel et al, 2020 ; Price et al, 2021 ; Sergis et al, 2017 ; Zakaria et al, 2019 ; Zheng et al, 2019 ).…”