Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?

Schwartz, Shalom H.

doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x

Cited by 4,623 publications

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“…En la psicología el estudio de la influencia de la cultura prácticamente comenzó desde que Wundt (1913Wundt ( /1990 publicó Elementos de Psicología de los Pueblos y en las últimas décadas se destacan los trabajos de Díaz-Guerrero (1994, Hofstede (1980), Schwartz (1994) y Triandis (2001), entre otros. Hofstede (1980), por ejemplo, propuso que la cultura es la programación colectiva de la mente que distingue a los miembros de un grupo de aquellos que pertenecen a otros conjuntos de personas.…”

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Creencias y Normas en México: Una Actualización del Estudio de las Premisas Psico-Socio-Culturales

et al. 2015

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Estudiar las culturas incluye indagar en torno a los conceptos de creencias y normas para obtener el contenido de las reglas que coordinan el comportamiento, lo que se ha estudiado a través de las premisas psico-socio-culturales (PPSC; Díaz-Guerrero, 2002). La base de la etnopsicología del mexicano son las premisas originales de la familia (Díaz-Guerrero, 1994), las cuales no incluyen normas y creencias que rigen el comportamiento de parejas, la situación actual de género y aspectos de la vida postmoderna. El objetivo de la investigación fue indagar sobre las PPSC de manera que incluyera normas y creencias, en base a ítems extraídos de 4 inventarios, en una muestra no probabilística intencional de 1624 hombres y mujeres con diferentes niveles educativos, provenientes de 6 regiones diversas de México. Los resultados de los análisis de varianza factorial y de correlaciones (r) muestran la preponderancia del sexismo, machismo y marianismo, que marcan un apego mayor a la cultura conforme las personas pertenecen a ecosistemas más tradicionales, básicamente cuando la educación es más baja y cuando son hombres.Palabras clave: cultura, premisas, normas, creencias, etnopsicologíaThe study of cultures involves researching the concepts of beliefs and norms in order to reveal the content of the rules that coordinate human behavior, a task often pursued through an approach based on psycho-socio-cultural premises (PSCP; Díaz-Guerrero, 2002). The basis of the ethnopsychology of Mexicans is formed by the original premises of the family (Díaz-Guerrero, 1994), which lack norms or beliefs to regulate the behavior of couples, the current gender situation, or aspects of postmodern life. The goal of the present study was to investigate PSCPs in a manner that would include norms and beliefs. In order to do this, items were taken from 4 inventories and administered to a non probabilistic purposive sample of 1624 men and women of various educational levels, living in 6 different regions of Mexico. The analysis of variance and the correlation analysis (r) conducted reveal the predominance of sexism, machismo and marianismo, which are indicative of a stronger attachment to the culture in people belonging to more traditional ecosystems, basically people with lower education and males.

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Creencias y Normas en México: Una Actualización del Estudio de las Premisas Psico-Socio-Culturales

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“…Moreover, because of its position as a value-laden construct and its normative role in relationship maintenance (Schwartz, 1994), perceptions of restraint are likely to support expectations of trustworthy behavior. Our observed relationship between a subordinate's self-reported perspective taking and a leader's perceptions of the subordinate's restraint adds to our understanding of how relational approaches to trust building such as perspective taking are connected to "character-based" elements of trustworthiness (i.e., perceived restraint).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Restraint is central to norms for maintaining relationships in many settings (Schwartz, 1994) Perspective Taking and Perceived Restraint 4 and critical for reducing sources of conflict (Tripp & Bies, 2009). In this chapter, we use interviews with 25 management consultants to inductively examine the use of perspective taking in an organizational setting.…”

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Thinking about You: Perspective Taking, Perceived Restraint, and Performance

Williams

2016

Leading Through Conflict

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Conflict often arises when incompatible ideas, values or interests lead to actions that harm others. Increasing people's willingness to refrain from harming others can play a critical role in preventing conflict and fostering performance. We examine perspective taking as a relational micro-process related to such restraint. We argue that attending to how others appraise events supports restraint in two ways. It motivates people to act with concern and enables them to understand what others view as harmful versus beneficial. Using a matched sample of 147 knowledge workers and 147 of their leaders, we evaluate the impact of appraisal-related perspective taking on leaders' perceptions of knowledge workers' restraint and performance. Author biography: Michele Williams (PhD, University of Michigan) is an Assistant Professor of Organizational Behavior at Cornell University. Her research focuses on cooperative relationships, especially on projects that span multiple organizations. She concentrates on gender and the influence of relational processes such as perspective taking, interpersonal sensitivity and emotion regulation on how sustainable, cooperative relationships evolve. Michele is on the editorial board of Organization Science and an Associate Editor for the Journal of Trust Research. She is a co-author of the 4-CAP Leadership Assessment -a 360° assessment used by organizations to enhance the leadership potential of managers. She teaches negotiations to undergraduates, MBAs, executives and community groups.Authors Note: Proportions of this paper were presented at the 2014 Jepson Colloquium on Leadership. The author thanks Tony Kong, Don Forsyth, the colloquium organizers as well as the other colloquium participants for feedback on an earlier draft of this chapter. The author thanks Ling Xia for her assistance with the data.

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“…On empirical grounds some aspects of such hierarchies may arguably count as universal, for similar values have been found to be so-constituted in a variety of cultures. 2 Importantly, the relative importance of values appears to shift not so much across but within cultures, as a function of age or social standing [Schwartz, 1994[Schwartz, , 2012Schwartz and Bardi, 2001;see Hofstede, 2001]. It should be obvious how including passions and values, and giving them a functional role in argumentation, shifts attention away from standards that are presumed to transcend contexts, such as the bivalence principle, 'p or not p', or the law of non-contradiction, 'not (p and not p)'.…”

Section: Logic and Rhetoricmentioning

confidence: 99%

Logic, Reasoning, Argumentation: Insights from the Wild

Zenker

2017

LLP

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Abstract. This article provides a brief selective overview and discussion of recent research into natural language argumentation that may inform the study of human reasoning on the assumption that an episode of argumentation issues an invitation to accept a corresponding inference. As this research shows, arguers typically seek to establish new consequences based on prior information. And they typically do so vis-à-vis a real or an imagined opponent, or an opponent-position, in ways that remain sensitive to considerations of context, audiences, and goals. Deductively valid inferences remain a limiting case of such reasoning. In view of these insights, it may appear less surprising that allegedly "irrational" behavior can regularly be produced in experimental settings that expose subjects to standardized reasoning tasks.

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Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?

Cited by 4,623 publications

References 29 publications

Creencias y Normas en México: Una Actualización del Estudio de las Premisas Psico-Socio-Culturales

Creencias y Normas en México: Una Actualización del Estudio de las Premisas Psico-Socio-Culturales

Thinking about You: Perspective Taking, Perceived Restraint, and Performance

Logic, Reasoning, Argumentation: Insights from the Wild

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