Aridity Gradients Shape Intraspecific Variability of Morphological Traits in Native Ceratonia siliqua L. of Morocco

Abstract

The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a significant fruit tree in the Mediterranean region with cultural, biological, and ecological importance. Despite its importance, intraspecific trait variability (ITV) in carob trees has been largely overlooked in previous studies. Understanding ITV and its relationship with environmental conditions is crucial for conservation and breeding programs. In this study, we investigated the variability of carob pod and seed-related traits across different ecological scales in 25 studied populations in Morocco. Significant differences in morphological traits were observed between carob populations at various ecological levels, and pod-related traits exhibited greater variability than seed traits. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between carob morphological traits and environmental conditions, with altitude and aridity index playing an influential role. The aridity gradient was strongly related to changes in pod size, seed number, and size, as well as seed yield. Our findings highlight an important ITV reaching 45% at the intra-population level, 36.5% at the inter-geographic level, and 30% at the inter-population level. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the ecology and adaptation of carob trees, emphasizing the importance of considering intraspecific variability when studying this remarkable species. This knowledge is critical for addressing the challenges posed by climate change and human activities on the long-term survival and ecological functioning of carob populations.

Assessing Morphological Trait Variability in Moroccan Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Ecotypes for Adaptive Breeding in Response to Climate Change and Sustainable Food Security

“…Interestingly, certain ecotypes, such as Berkane and Agadir, consistently cluster together in both studies (Figure 5). The study conducted by [23] examined the variability of pod and seed characteristics of carob among different populations. Significant differences were observed, with a wide variation in traits and a high coefficient of variation.…”

Assessment and Optimization of the Insecticidal Properties of γ-Al2O3 Nanoparticles Derived from Mentha pulegium By-Products to Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Carob Beetle)

“…In Moroccan forests, specifically in the Middle Atlas regions, there have been numerous instances where indigenous and introduced insect pests have demonstrated varying degrees of responsiveness to climate change in terms of their distribution and impact [ 5 ]. For instance, the hardwood tree, notably the carob tree, holds paramount environmental, economic, and cultural significance as a key component of forest ecosystems [ 6 ]. The well-being of these trees is progressively influenced by climate change, specifically the rise in temperature [ 7 ].…”