Aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons in air and their urinary metabolites in coke plant workers

Bieniek, G

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199811)34:5<445::aid-ajim5>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 38 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…1 is verified for BaP/P ratios equal to 0.2 and 1. However, these two BaP/P ratios correspond to those encountered in work environments (Petry et al 1996;Bieniek 1998;Gu¨ndel et al 2000), contrary to the BaP/P ratio of 5. In order words, for this last scenario the deviation from the expected linearity in the relationship examined for the liver and lung tissue was not considered an important issue for the typical occupational environments.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Correlation between biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and electrophilic tissue burden in a rat model

Tzekova

Thuot

Viau

2004

Archives of Toxicology

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This study was aimed at investigating the correlation between biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and, more specifically, at examining the role of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as a reliable measure of internal dose linked to the electrophilic tissue burden (ETB), assessed as covalent binding of the ultimate carcinogen benzo( a)pyrene diolepoxide (BaPDE) with cellular proteins in target organs. The protocol included experimental verification of a previously proposed algorithm for adjustment of reference values for urinary 1-OHP with exposure to different mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a rat model. Hence, the relationships between ETB in liver, lung, and heart as well as the BaPDE-haemoglobin adducts level on the one hand, and urinary/faecal 1-OHP or urinary/faecal 3-hydroxybenzo( a)pyrene (3-OHBaP) on the other hand have been examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneally, once daily for 10 consecutive days, binary mixtures of benzo( a)pyrene (BaP) and pyrene (P) in three different exposure scenarios corresponding to BaP/P ratios of 0.2, 1 and 5, with three doses of BaP (2, 6 and 20 mg/kg) for each scenario. The ETB levels were measured as the ultimate analyte benzo( a)pyrene tetrol (BaPTeT) obtained after mild acid hydrolysis of BaPDE adducts with proteins. It was experimentally confirmed that: (1) urinary 1-OHP is a reliable biomarker linked to the ETB in tissues that are targets for carcinogenicity, such as lung, for the BaP/P ratios of 0.2 and 1 (linear regression p=0.0099 and 0.0293, respectively); (2) urinary 3-OHBaP is correlated with the BaPDE-haemoglobin adducts for all three exposure scenarios ( p=0.0011 for BaP/P=0.2, p<0.0001 for BaP/P=1 and p=0.0099 for BaP/P=5). The experimental relationship between ETB and urinary 1-OHP was used to interpolate biological limit values for the urinary metabolite assuming three arbitrary critical levels of ETB. These were compared with the values calculated from the algorithm using the BaP/P ratio 1 mixture as a reference. The ratios of calculated to observed values varied from 1.0 to 1.6 for the BaP/P 0.2 mixture, and from 1.9 to 3.0 for the BaP/P 5 mixture. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the algorithm mentioned above applies well for two of the three exposure scenarios corresponding to realistic occupational BaP/P ratios of 0.2 and 1. This suggests that, using ETB as an endpoint, the proposed algorithm will reasonably predict the critical value of urinary 1-OHP for mixtures having different BaP/P ratios. Stronger linear relationships between ETB in all chosen tissues and 1-OHP or 3-OHBaP excretion were obtained with urinary metabolites than with their faecal analogues. Thus urinary 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP are more reliable biomarkers in biological monitoring strategies.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Correlation between biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and electrophilic tissue burden in a rat model

Tzekova

Thuot

Viau

2004

Archives of Toxicology

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“…Table 6 shows the results of all relevant studies that have come to our knowledge that deal with the determination of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol in urine samples of occupationally exposed persons. In those studies dealing with the simultaneous determination of both metabolites, 1-naphthol prevails over 2-naphthol with respect to the mean values (Bieniek 1997(Bieniek , 1998. As shown in Table 3, naphthalene exposure seems to underlie large variations, even within the same industrial sector.…”

Section: Occupational Internal Exposurementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Over the past years several analytical methods for the determination of either 1-naphthol or 2-naphthol, or even both together, in human or animal urine have been developed. Apart from one method that used thin-layer chromatography (Bieniek and Wilczok 1986), the techniques were based on high-pressure liquid chromatography (Elovaara et al 2003;Hansen et al 1992a;Kim et al 1999Kim et al , 2001Lee et al 2001;Massey et al 1995;Thompson et al 1996) and gas chromatography (Bieniek 1996(Bieniek , 1997(Bieniek , 1998Bouchard et al 2001;Hill et al 1995b;Hung et al 1992;Jansen et al 1995;Keimig and Morgan 1986;Kilanowicz et al 1999;Serdar et al 2003;Smith et al 2002;Yang et al 1999).…”

Section: Occupational Exposure To Naphthalenementioning

confidence: 99%

Naphthalene?an environmental and occupational toxicant

Preuss

Angerer

Drexler

2003

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

281

149

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For many years naphthalene had been considered as a non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Airborne naphthalene concentrations have always been observed to be below the limit values of various national committees, such as the threshold limit value (TLV) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the MAK of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (10 ppm). Since 2000, when the US National Toxicology Program revealed clear evidence of the carcinogenic activity of naphthalene in rats, international agencies [the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), DFG] have reclassified naphthalene as a potential human carcinogen, and the European Union (EU) is currently preparing a new risk assessment report. It is presently unknown how to protect humans from health risks resulting from occupational and environmental naphthalene exposure. Knowledge about the external and internal exposure of humans serves as the key determinant in a comprehensive risk assessment. We review here ambient monitoring studies concerning the external naphthalene exposure that results from ubiquitous environmental sources (indoor and outdoor air, water, soil, food) and from a variety of critical workplaces (coking plants, creosote impregnation, distillation of coal tar and naphthalene, manufacture of refractories, graphite electrodes, aluminium and mothballs). Based on results of ambient monitoring studies published so far, a new hygiene-based exposure limit of 1.5 mg naphthalene per cubic metre of air (0.3 ppm) is proposed. Furthermore, results from biological monitoring studies are summarised in this article. The internal burden was almost exclusively determined by means of the urinary metabolites 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol, but it is currently not possible for one to evaluate a biological tolerance level (BAT) or a biological exposure index (BEI). Based on the toxicokinetics and metabolism of naphthalene, the central question on its carcinogenicity is briefly sketched. Naphthoquinones play an important role in this context. Their adducts with macromolecules may be the parameters of choice for the estimation of effects to human health.

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“…Epidemiological studies have demonstrated stronger exposure-response relationships for mortality and morbidity outcomes in association with fine particles (PM 2.5 ) than other fractions (Saarnio et al, 2008;Li et al, 2010). Results obtained using a personal sampling technique have proven more reliable than fixed-point sampling for exposure monitoring (Bieniek, 1998). During the sampling period, the samplers were fixed on the inspectors' collars to collect personal samples from the breathing zone, and the samplers operated at a constant flow rate of 4 L/min.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Hazardous Risks of Vehicle Inspection Workers’ Exposure to Particulate Heavy Metals in Their Work Places

Kong

Geng

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Exposure of on-duty vehicle inspection workers to heavy metals in Beijing was investigated from April 18 to May 17, 2011. Particulate samples were collected by personal environmental monitors during vehicle inspectors' work time, and were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb. The results showed that in three vehicle inspection lines, Zn was the most abundant element, accounting for over 45% of the total metal concentration. Cr and Pb were the next most abundant compositions. The geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor analysis showed that Cr, Zn, As, Cd and Pb exhibited heavy or extreme contamination and significant enrichment, indicating the influence of anthropogenic sources. Mn and Co were mostly non-enriched and were mainly influenced by crustal sources. Ni and V presented moderate or heavy contamination, and were influenced by both crustal materials and anthropogenic sources. Principle component analysis revealed that the major sources were vehicle emissions, re-suspended dust and industrial processes. Cr and Mn could trigger adverse non-cancer health effects. The median values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of inhalation exposure route were estimated to be 2.59 × 10 , respectively for gasoline, bus, and diesel inspection workers, respectively. The ILCR was higher than the acceptable risk level of 10 -6 , indicating an unacceptable potential cancer risk.

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Aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons in air and their urinary metabolites in coke plant workers

Cited by 38 publications

References 32 publications

Correlation between biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and electrophilic tissue burden in a rat model

Correlation between biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and electrophilic tissue burden in a rat model

Naphthalene?an environmental and occupational toxicant

Assessing the Hazardous Risks of Vehicle Inspection Workers’ Exposure to Particulate Heavy Metals in Their Work Places

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