Arsenic, Copper, Molybdenum, and Selenium Exposure through Drinking Water in Rural Eastern Croatia

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to determine the concentrations of arsenic, copper, molybdenum, and selenium in drinking water and biological tissues (serum, urine, hair) in the populations of three rural communities in eastern Croatia, and to determine whether the concentrations of these elements in drinking water can be related to their concentrations in biological tissues. Arsenic, copper, molybdenum, and selenium concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the samples of water, urine, and serum of the subjects from all three communities, while hair samples were taken from the subjects from Ćelije and Draž. The highest arsenic concentrations in drinking water and biological tissues were found in the participants from Ćelije. In all three communities, concentrations of copper, molybdenum, and selenium did not exceed maximum permissible concentrations in drinking water or in biological tissues.

An Overview to Technical Solutions for Molybdenum Removal: Perspective from the Analysis of the Scientific Literature on Molybdenum and Drinking Water (1990–2019)

“…Although other bibliometric analyses have identified the relevance of the toxicity interactions (synergistic and antagonistic effects) between metals [55], in the case of molybdenum, there is a lack of terms related to toxicological tests in the terms compiled in Table 2, and the presence of all these elements as frequent keywords should be explained by two alternative causes. On the one hand, the evaluation of the presence and the distribution of molybdenum in drinking water, water bodies or other samples of environmental interest implied a more complete water sampling and characterization, which included the assessment of the concentrations of all these elements in addition to molybdenum [72][73][74]. On the other hand, as mentioned in the previous section regarding the most cited documents, molybdenum can be useful for potabilization treatments and the removal of other elements from water.…”

A Green Approach for Extraction of Ammonium Molybdate from Molybdenite Using Indigenous Resources

“…It is also used to produce special steel alloys. Molybdenum is an element having industrial importance due to their applications in many technological fields [1][2][3][4]. There is a huge demand for molybdenum due to its various applications.…”

Effects of Pre-Cooking with Acetic Acid and Citric Acid on Residual Arsenic Content in Rice

“…It is also a toxic element and both organic and inorganic As compounds have been used widely in agriculture and livestock management as insecticides, pesticides, and antibiotics. It is also increased in the soil due to several activities such as base and precious metal mining and processing, ground and wastewater irrigation, sewage sludge in the field and fertilizer application [3][4][5][6].…”

“…The most important types of As in rice are inorganic As (a class 1 non-threshold carcinogen) and dimethyl arsinic acid (DMA). Additionally, traces of mono methyl arsonic acid (MMA) have also been reported in rice [3][4][5][6][7]. Arsenic is highly toxic in its in organic form.…”

“…It has also been associated with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Early childhood exposure has been linked to negative impacts on cognitive development and increased mortality in young adults [3][4][5][6][7].…”