Articulation Development in Children Aged Two to Four Years

Phonetic and phonemic acquisition: Normative data in English and Dutch speech sound development

“…All vowels are present about three years of age and most consonant are present at about four years of age, with exceptions for/s, r/. These two studies underscore the findings presented in earlier English studies [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and the study of Beers [17].…”

“…Most consonants are produced correctly by 75% of the children about four years of age, with an exception for/s, r/, like in the studies mentioned in Table 1 [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

“…Wellman et al [21] Poole [22] Templin [23] Olmstead [24] Sander [25] Prather et al [26] Arlt and Goodban [27] Irwin and Wong [28] Smit et al [29] N Table 2 Phonetic acquisition of consonants in 90% of the children (n = 684) age of mastery according to Dodd et al [8].…”

“…Perhaps language differences play a role. On the other hand, comparison of the English and Dutch sound system shows that the English language has more consonants (26) and consonant clusters (initial and final 130) than the Dutch language (consonants 20 and consonant clusters initial and final 106). Because the study of Dodd et al [8] is a more recent one, it could be that the study of Stes [15] is rendered out of date.…”

“…In all these nine studies [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] the children were asked to produce a word spontaneously or by imitation. It was examined whether a sound was produced correctly in different word positions (initial, medial and final).…”