Artificial Blood for Dogs

Abstract

There is no blood bank for pet animals. Consequently, veterinarians themselves must obtain “blood” for transfusion therapy. Among the blood components, serum albumin and red blood cells (RBCs) are particularly important to save lives. This paper reports the synthesis, structure, and properties of artificial blood for the exclusive use of dogs. First, recombinant canine serum albumin (rCSA) was produced using genetic engineering with Pichia yeast. The proteins showed identical features to those of the native CSA derived from canine plasma. Furthermore, we ascertained the crystal structure of rCSA at 3.2 Å resolution. Pure rCSA can be used widely for numerous clinical and pharmaceutical applications. Second, hemoglobin wrapped covalently with rCSA, hemoglobin–albumin cluster (Hb-rCSA3), was synthesized as an artificial O2-carrier for the RBC substitute. This cluster possesses satisfactorily negative surface net charge (pI = 4.7), which supports enfolding of the Hb core by rCSA shells. The anti-CSA antibody recognized the rCSA exterior quantitatively. The O2-binding affinity was high (P50 = 9 Torr) compared to that of the native Hb. The Hb-rCSA3 cluster is anticipated for use as an alternative material for RBC transfusion, and as an O2 therapeutic reagent that can be exploited in various veterinary medicine situations.

Allergens and their associated small molecule ligands—their dual role in sensitization

“…33,41,44 To date, there are eight SAs whose structures have been determined: bovine (BSA, Bos d 6), canine (CSA, Can f 3), equine (ESA, Equ c 3), feline (FSA, Fel d 2), HSA, goat (GSA), ovine (OSA),and rabbit (RSA). 35,41,[45][46][47][48] While the ligand-binding properties of human serum albumin are best studied, there is also a significant body of literature on interactions of small-molecule compounds with BSA and ESA. 39,43,49 Structural studies clearly show that SAs bind a broad spectrum of compounds that are biologically active, some of which may affect the human immune system.…”

The Universal Soldier: Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Functions of Serum Albumin

“…Previously, it was assumed that the albumin molecule had the shape of an elongated or flattened ellipsoid (“cigar” or “pill”), but X-ray analysis showed that the protein has the shape of a heart. In addition to HSA, three-dimensional structures of BSA [ 61 ], albumin of horse and rabbit [ 61 ], sheep and goat [ 62 ], dogs [ 63 ] and cats [ 64 ] have been obtained so far.…”

Comparison of the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers

“…Furthermore, Oxyglobin ® (polymerized bovine Hb) is available for the treatment of anemia in dogs [93]. Yamada et al are attempting to prepare new Hb-Albumin clusters using Hb and albumin derived from different mammalian species for use in veterinary medicine [94]. Their unique ideas may be able to realize HBOCs for not only human but also for animal pets.…”