Artificial intelligence in dentistry, orthodontics and Orthognathic surgery: A literature review

Abstract

Artificial intelligence is the ability of machines to work like humans. The concept initially began with the advent of mathematical models which gave calculated outputs based on inputs fed into the system. This was later modified with the introduction of various algorithms which can either give output based on overall data analysis or by selection of information within previous data. It is steadily becoming a favoured mode of treatment due to its efficiency and ability to manage complex conditions in all specialities. In dentistry, artificial intelligence has also popularised over the past few decades. They have been found useful fordiagnosis in restorative dentistry, oral pathology and oral surgery. In orthodontics, they have been utilised for diagnosis, assessment of treatment needs, cephalometrics, treatment planning and orthognathic surgeries etc. The current literature review was planned to highlight the uses of artificial intelligence in dentistry, specifically in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery.
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Artificial intelligence applications and ethical challenges in oral and maxillo-facial cosmetic surgery: a narrative review

“…Based on the results, the models have shown a high degree of accuracy of 85 to 95.6% [20]. Additionally, AI models predicted the perioperative blood loss and systemic infections following orthognathic surgery in addition to predicting the future need for orthognathic surgery [4,19,21].…”

“…The convolutional neural network (CNN) is one of the most common subclasses of ANN in medicine and dentistry. For processing digital signals, such as sound, images, and videos, CNNs use a special neuron connection architecture and mathematical operation convolution [4].…”

Cephalometric analysis performance discrepancy between orthodontists and an artificial intelligence model using lateral cephalometric radiographs

“…Artificial intelligence (AI) model applications are impacting the dental field including restorative, 12 prosthodontic, 13 periodontal, 14,15 maxillofacial, 16 endodontic, 17,18 and orthodontic specialties 19,20 . However, although those AI developments may provide powerful tools assisting dental professionals on diagnosing, designing, or fabricating dental prosthesis.…”

“…However, although those AI developments may provide powerful tools assisting dental professionals on diagnosing, designing, or fabricating dental prosthesis. AI is still on its early developmental and implemental stages in which in vitro and clinical studies are needed for its continuous development, as well as the assessment of its performance 12–20 …”

“…AI is still on its early developmental and implemental stages in which in vitro and clinical studies are needed for its continuous development, as well as the assessment of its performance. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The automatic identification of the cephalometric landmarks represents the first step for the automatization of the cephalometric analysis. This application has been continuously developing since the middle of the 1980's.…”