Artificial Organs - An Overview

Vanholder, R; Ringoir, S

doi:10.1177/039139889101401001

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Ectoplasmic specialization is an essential mechanism supporting the blood-testis barrier (BTB), a structure that regulates the biochemical environment in the apical compartment of the seminiferous epithelium in which germ cells develop and protects germ cells from toxic compounds and autoimmune response [127]. Intact BTB is necessary to avoid the production of anti-sperm antibodies and autoimmune response leading to male infertility [128]. Damage of the BTB is associated with inflammation, germ cell loss, reduced sperm count, and ultimately subfertility or infertility [129].…”

Section: Disruption Of Blood-testis Barrier (Btb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Male Reproductive Toxicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

Arowolo

Pilsner

Sergeyev

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are a group of flame retardants used in a variety of artificial materials. Despite being phased out in most industrial countries, they remain in the environment and human tissues due to their persistence, lipophilicity, and bioaccumulation. Populational and experimental studies demonstrate the male reproductive toxicity of PBDEs including increased incidence of genital malformations (hypospadias and cryptorchidism), altered weight of testes and other reproductive tissues, altered testes histology and transcriptome, decreased sperm production and sperm quality, altered epigenetic regulation of developmental genes in spermatozoa, and altered secretion of reproductive hormones. A broad range of mechanistic hypotheses of PBDE reproductive toxicity has been suggested. Among these hypotheses, oxidative stress, the disruption of estrogenic signaling, and mitochondria disruption are affected by PBDE concentrations much higher than concentrations found in human tissues, making them unlikely links between exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in the general population. Robust evidence suggests that at environmentally relevant doses, PBDEs and their metabolites may affect male reproductive health via mechanisms including AR antagonism and the disruption of a complex network of metabolic signaling.

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Section: Disruption Of Blood-testis Barrier (Btb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Male Reproductive Toxicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

Arowolo

Pilsner

Sergeyev

et al. 2022

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ectoplasmic specialization is an essential mechanism supporting the blood-testis barrier (BTB), a structure that regulates the biochemical environment in the apical compartment of the seminiferous epithelium in which germ cells develop and protects germ cells from toxic compounds and autoimmune response [122]. Intact BTB is necessary to avoid the production of anti-sperm antibodies and autoimmune response leading to male infertility [123]. Damage of the BTB is associated with inflammation, germ cells loss, reduced sperm count, and ultimately with subfertility or infertility [124].…”

Section: Developmental Programming Of Blood-testis Barrier (Btb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Male Reproductive Toxicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

Arowolo¹,

Pilsner²,

Sergeyev³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are a group of flame retardants used in a variety of artificial materials. Despite phasing out in most industrial countries, they persist in the environment and human tissues due to their persistence, lipophilicity, and bioaccumulation. Populational and experimental studies demonstrate male reproductive toxicity of PBDEs including increased incidence of genital malformations (hypospadias and cryptorchidism), altered weight of testes and other reproductive tissues, altered testes histology and transcriptome, decreased sperm production and sperm quality, altered epigenetic regulation of developmental genes in spermatozoa and altered secretion of reproductive hormones. A broad range of mechanistic hypotheses of PBDE reproductive toxicity has been suggested. Among these hypotheses, oxidative stress, disruption of estrogenic signaling, and mitochondria disruption are affected by PBDE concentrations much higher, than concentrations found in human tissues, making them unlikely links between exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in the general population. Robust evidence suggests that at environmentally relevant doses, PBDEs and their metabolites may affect male reproductive health via mechanisms including AR antagonism and the disruption of a complex network of metabolic signaling.

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“…Bioreactors enable the culture models described above to be operated in a large scale. 39,40 They enable the potential of hybrid type extracorporeal liver support systems to be developed.…”

Section: Bioreactor Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioreactors for Hybrid Liver Support: Historical Aspects and Novel Designs

Busse

Gerlach

1999

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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A novel bioreactor construction has been designed for the utilization of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The reactor is based on capillaries for hepatocyte aggregate immobilization. Three separate capillary membrane systems, each permitting a different function are woven in order to create a three dimensional network. Cells are perfused via independent capillary membrane compartments. Decentralized oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal with low gradients are possible. The use of identical parallel units to supply hepatocytes facilitates scale up. In vitro studies demonstrate long-term external metabolic function in primary isolated hepatocytes within bioreactors. These systems are capable of supporting essential liver functions. Animal experiments have verified the possibility of scaling-up the bioreactors for clinical treatment. However, since there is no reliable animal model for investigation of the treatment of acute liver failure, the promising results obtained from these studies have limited relevance. The small number of clinical studies performed so far is not sufficient to reach conclusions about improvements in the therapy of acute liver failure. Although important progress has been made in the development of these systems, various hepatocyte culture models and bioreactor constructions are being discussed in the literature, which indicates competition in this field of medical research. An overview, which emphasizes the development of hepatocyte culture models for bioreactors, subsequent in vitro studies, animal studies, and clinical application, is also provided.

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Artificial Organs - An Overview

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Mechanisms of Male Reproductive Toxicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

Mechanisms of Male Reproductive Toxicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

Mechanisms of Male Reproductive Toxicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

Bioreactors for Hybrid Liver Support: Historical Aspects and Novel Designs

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