Artificial Urine for Laboratory Testing

Shmaefsky, Brian R.

doi:10.2307/4449071

Cited by 39 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…High-performance liquid chromatography -grade acetonitrile and water were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Synthetic urine was prepared as described in Shmaefsky (1990).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy Increases the Renal Secretion of N¹-methylnicotinamide, an Endogenous Probe for Renal Cation Transporters, in Patients Prescribed Metformin

et al. 2017

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N-methylnicotinamide (1-NMN) has been investigated as an endogenous probe for the renal transporter activity of organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 and 2-K (MATE1 and MATE2-K). As pregnancy increased the renal secretion of metformin, a substrate for OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K, we hypothesized that the renal secretion of 1-NMN would be similarly affected. Blood and urine samples collected from women prescribed metformin for type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and polycystic ovarian syndrome during early, mid, and late pregnancy ( = 34 visits) and postpartum ( = 14 visits) were analyzed for 1-NMN using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The renal clearance and secretion clearance, using creatinine clearance to correct for glomerular filtration, were estimated for 1-NMN and correlated with metformin renal clearance. 1-NMN renal clearance was higher in both mid (504 ± 293 ml/min, < 0.01) and late pregnancy (557 ± 305 ml/min, < 0.01) compared with postpartum (240 ± 106 ml/min). The renal secretion of 1-NMN was 3.5-fold higher in mid pregnancy (269± 267, < 0.05) and 4.5-fold higher in late pregnancy compared with postpartum (342 ± 283 versus 76 ± 92 ml/min, < 0.01). Because creatinine is also a substrate of OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K, creatinine clearance likely overestimates filtration clearance, whereas the calculated 1-NMN secretion clearance is likely underestimated. Metformin renal clearance and 1-NMN renal clearance were positively correlated (r = 0.68, < 0.0001). 1-NMN renal clearance increases during pregnancy due to increased glomerular filtration and net secretion by renal transporters.

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“…High-performance liquid chromatography -grade acetonitrile and water were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Synthetic urine was prepared as described in Shmaefsky (1990).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy Increases the Renal Secretion of N¹-methylnicotinamide, an Endogenous Probe for Renal Cation Transporters, in Patients Prescribed Metformin

et al. 2017

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“…The excess stain was washed with 0.8% saline, the bound stain was re-solubilized in 1 mL 33% acetic acid and its OD was measured at 570 nm. Biofilm formed in the presence of sterile LB, sterile artificial urine (2.43% urea, 1% NaCl, 0.6% KCl, 0.64% Na2HPO4, 0.05 mg/mL albumin, pH 5-7) [48], and natural urine was quantified using the same assay. The assay was performed in triplicates.…”

Section: Quantification Of Biofilm On Cathetersmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Adhesion and Increased Cell Death Contribute to Strong Biofilm Formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae

2019

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Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), is a frequent cause of hospital and community-acquired infections and WHO had declared it as a "priority pathogen". Biofilm is a major virulence factor of Kp and yet the mechanism of strong biofilm formation in Kp is unclear. A key objective of the present study is to investigate the differences between strong and weak biofilms formed by clinical isolates of Kp on various catheters and in different media conditions and to identify constituents contributing to strong biofilm formation. Quantification of matrix components (extracellular DNA (eDNA), protein, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and bacterial cells), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and flow-cytometry analysis were performed to compare strong and weak biofilm matrix. Our results suggest increased biofilm formation on latex catheters compared to silicone and silicone-coated latex catheters. Higher amounts of eDNA, protein, EPS, and dead cells were observed in the strong biofilm of Kp. High adhesion capacity and cell death seem to play a major role in formation of strong Kp biofilms. The enhanced eDNA, EPS, and protein in the biofilm matrix appear as a consequence of increased cell death.

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“…Preparation of Artificial Urine : Artificial urine was prepared using 24.2 g urea, 10 g NaCl, 6.0 g KCl, and 6.4 g NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O dissolved in 1 L DI water . Artificial urine was stored at 4 °C in a refrigerator.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Plasmonic Coupling Substrate Based on Sandwich Structure of Ultrathin Silica‐Coated Silver Nanocubes and Flower‐Like Alumina‐Coated Etched Aluminum for Sensitive Detection of Biomarkers in Urine

Nguyen

Hwang

2017

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Interactions between substrate and plasmonic nanostructures can give rise to unique optical properties and influence performance in plasmonic biosensing applications. In this study, a substrate with low refractive index and roughness based on flower-like alumina-coated etched aluminum foil (f-Al O /e-Al) has been fabricated. Silver@silica (Ag@SiO ) nanocubes (NCs) assemble in an edge-edge configuration when deposited on this substrate. The rough surface texture of f-Al O /e-Al provides a pathway for coupling of incident light to surface plasmons. The Ag@SiO /f-Al O /e-Al substrate exhibits a coupling efficiency of laser light sources into surface plasmon hotspots for both surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and metal-enhanced photoluminescence (MEPL). Moreover, the shelf life of this substrate is significantly improved due to a reduction in oxygen diffusion rate mediated by the ultrathin silica spacer and the flower-like Al O dielectric layer. Creatinine and flavin adenine dinucleotide are biomolecules present in human blood and urine. With advanced label-free SERS and MEPL techniques, it is possible to detect these biomarkers in urine, allowing cheap, noninvasive, yet sensitive analysis. The approach explored in this work can be developed into a powerful encoding tool for high-throughput bioanalysis.

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Artificial Urine for Laboratory Testing

Cited by 39 publications

References 1 publication

Pregnancy Increases the Renal Secretion of N¹-methylnicotinamide, an Endogenous Probe for Renal Cation Transporters, in Patients Prescribed Metformin

Pregnancy Increases the Renal Secretion of N¹-methylnicotinamide, an Endogenous Probe for Renal Cation Transporters, in Patients Prescribed Metformin

High Adhesion and Increased Cell Death Contribute to Strong Biofilm Formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae

A Plasmonic Coupling Substrate Based on Sandwich Structure of Ultrathin Silica‐Coated Silver Nanocubes and Flower‐Like Alumina‐Coated Etched Aluminum for Sensitive Detection of Biomarkers in Urine

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Artificial Urine for Laboratory Testing

Cited by 39 publications

References 1 publication

Pregnancy Increases the Renal Secretion of N1-methylnicotinamide, an Endogenous Probe for Renal Cation Transporters, in Patients Prescribed Metformin

Pregnancy Increases the Renal Secretion of N1-methylnicotinamide, an Endogenous Probe for Renal Cation Transporters, in Patients Prescribed Metformin

High Adhesion and Increased Cell Death Contribute to Strong Biofilm Formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae

A Plasmonic Coupling Substrate Based on Sandwich Structure of Ultrathin Silica‐Coated Silver Nanocubes and Flower‐Like Alumina‐Coated Etched Aluminum for Sensitive Detection of Biomarkers in Urine

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Pregnancy Increases the Renal Secretion of N¹-methylnicotinamide, an Endogenous Probe for Renal Cation Transporters, in Patients Prescribed Metformin

Pregnancy Increases the Renal Secretion of N¹-methylnicotinamide, an Endogenous Probe for Renal Cation Transporters, in Patients Prescribed Metformin