Artificially Selected Grain Shape Gene Combinations in Guangdong Simiao Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Background Grain shape is a key trait in rice breeding. Although many QTLs and genes of grain shape have been identified, how different combinations of alleles of these genes affect grain shape is largely unknown. It is important to understand the effects of grain shape gene combinations for breeding by design. In the present study, we performed genetic dissection of the grain shapes in Guangdong Simiao varieties, a popular kind of rice in South China, to identify the effective alleles and their combination for breeding. Results We selected two hundred nineteen indica accessions with diverse grain shapes and fifty-two Guangdong Simiao varieties with long and slender grain shapes for genome-wide selection analysis. The results showed that four (GS3, GS5, GW5 and GL7) of the twenty grain shape genes fall into the regions selected for in Guangdong Simiao varieties. Allele analysis and frequency distribution of these four genes showed that GS3allele3 and GW5allele2 accounted for 96.2%, and GL7allele2 and GS5allele2 accounted for 76.9% and 74.5% of the Simiao varieties, respectively. Further analysis of the allelic combinations showed that 30 allelic combinations were identified in the whole panel, with 28 allelic combinations found in the international indica accessions and 6 allelic combinations found in Guangdong Simiao varieties. There were mainly three combinations (combinations 17, 18 and 19) in the Guangdong Simiao varieties, with combination 19 (GS3allele3 + GW5allele2 + GL7allele2 + GS5allele2) having the highest percentage (51.9%). All three combinations carried GS3allele3 + GW5allele2, while combinations 17 (GL7allele1) and 19 (GL7allele2) showed significant differences in both grain length and length/width ratio due to differences in GL7 alleles. Pedigree analysis of Guang8B, the maintainer of the first released Simiao male sterile line Guang8A, showed that the parent lines and Guang8B carried GS3allele3 + GW5allele2 + GS5allele2, while the GL7 allele differed, resulting in significant differences in grain size. Conclusion The results suggest that specific alleles of GS3, GS5, GW5 and GL7 are the key grain shape genes used in the Guangdong Simiao varieties and selected for grain shape improvement. Combination 19 is the predominant allelic combination in the Guangdong Simiao varieties. Our current study is the first to dissect the genetics of grain shape in Guangdong Simiao varieties, and the results will facilitate molecular breeding of Guangdong Simiao varieties.

Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity, and Mechanism of Novel Mesoionic Compounds Based on Natural Pyrazole Isolated from an Endophytic Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

“…In the presence of NaOH, intermediate E was hydrolyzed in the aqueous ethanol mixture, and the hydrochloric acid was adjusted to obtain intermediate F. Then, intermediate F was acylated with oxalyl chloride in dichloromethane to prepare intermediate G. Different haloalkanes reacted with 2-aminopyridine H to form the secondary pyridine amines I, and intermediate F was cycled with the secondary amines I to obtain the target compounds 1−28. The structures of the target compounds 1−28 were determined through HRMS, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR.…”

“…Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a vital food crop that nourishes more than half of the world’s population. , Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is a considerably destructive bacterial disease caused by the Gram-negative proteobacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ) and can reduce rice yields by 20–50%. , Currently, there is a lack of resistant varieties of rice and effective control measures for rice BLB .…”

SLG2 specifically regulates grain width through WOX11‐mediated cell expansion control in rice

“…Grain size is one of the most complex traits controlled by a large number of genes and their interactions (Jiang et al ., 2022 ). So far, intensive efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanism of grain size regulation, and exploration of the combinatory effects of several major genes on grain size also have been conducted in rice during the past decade (Lee et al ., 2015 ; Ngangkham et al ., 2018 ; Sun et al ., 2018 ; Yang et al ., 2023 ; Zhong et al ., 2020a , b ). However, most of the studies on the interaction of grain size‐related genes were carried out in natural populations.…”

SMS2, a Novel Allele of OsINV3, Regulates Grain Size in Rice

“…The polymerization of gs3, gl3.1, gw5, and GW7 could significantly improve the appearance quality of rice [32]. Additionally, the gs3, GS5, gw5, and GL7 alleles could be aggregated to form Guangdong high-quality varieties with an excellent appearance quality [33]. Therefore, the continuous research on the interaction between grain shape genes and the exploration of gene combinations suitable for breeding promotion can promote the rapid cultivation of high-yield and high-quality rice.…”