Ash layers from Iceland in the Greenland GRIP ice core correlated with oceanic and land sediments

Grönvold, Karl; Öskarsson, N.; Johnsen, S. J.; Clausen, Henrik; Hammer, C. U.; Bond, Gérard C.; Bard, Édouard

doi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00145-3

Cited by 502 publications

(378 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The category "Reported" are volcanic events described in historical accounts but have not been verified by identification of their volcanic products. Based on data from Jónsson (1945), Thorarinsson (1950Thorarinsson ( , 1958Thorarinsson ( , 1963Thorarinsson ( , 1965aThorarinsson ( , 1967aThorarinsson ( , 1970aThorarinsson ( , 1974Thorarinsson ( , 1975, Thorarinsson and Saemundsson (1979), Jakobsson (1979a), Jóhannesson (1977Jóhannesson ( , 1983Jóhannesson ( , 1984Jóhannesson ( , 1987Jóhannesson ( , 1989, Einarsson (1988a, 1988b), Jónsson (1978Jónsson ( , 1983, Saemundsson and Einarsson (1980), Saemundsson (1991), Steinthórsson (1978), Larsen (1982Larsen ( , 1984Larsen ( , 2000, Larsen et al (1992Larsen et al ( , 1998, Einarsson and Jóhannesson (1989), Grönvold et al (1983Grönvold et al ( , 1995, Sigurgeirsson (1992Sigurgeirsson ( , 1995, Thordarson and Self (1993), Thordarson et al (2003aThordarson et al ( , 2003b, Gudmundsson (2005), Eiríksson et al (2004), Lacasse et al (2004), Sigmundsson and Gudmundsson (2004) and G. Larsen and M.T. Gudmundsson (unpublished data, 2006).…”

Section: Distribution and Frequency Of Historical Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Thordarson

Larsen

2007

Journal of Geodynamics

510

454

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The large-scale volcanic lineaments in Iceland are an axial zone, which is delineated by the Reykjanes, West and North Volcanic Zones (RVZ, WVZ, NVZ) and the East Volcanic Zone (EVZ), which is growing in length by propagation to the southwest through pre-existing crust. These zones are connected across central Iceland by the Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB). Other volcanically active areas are the two intraplate belts ofÖraefajökull (ÖVB) and Snaefellsnes (SVB). The principal structure of the volcanic zones are the 30 volcanic systems, where 12 are comprised of a fissure swarm and a central volcano, 7 of a central volcano, 9 of a fissure swarm and a central domain, and 2 are typified by a central domain alone.Volcanism in Iceland is unusually diverse for an oceanic island because of special geological and climatological circumstances. It features nearly all volcano types and eruption styles known on Earth. The first order grouping of volcanoes is in accordance with recurrence of eruptions on the same vent system and is divided into central volcanoes (polygenetic) and basalt volcanoes (monogenetic). The basalt volcanoes are categorized further in accordance with vent geometry (circular or linear), type of vent accumulation, characteristic style of eruption and volcanic environment (i.e. subaerial, subglacial, submarine).Eruptions are broadly grouped into effusive eruptions where >95% of the erupted magma is lava, explosive eruptions if >95% of the erupted magma is tephra (volume calculated as dense rock equivalent, DRE), and mixed eruptions if the ratio of lava to tephra occupy the range in between these two end-members. Although basaltic volcanism dominates, the activity in historical time (i.e. last 11 centuries) features expulsion of basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite magmas that have produced effusive eruptions of Hawaiian and flood lava magnitudes, mixed eruptions featuring phases of Strombolian to Plinian intensities, and explosive phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptions spanning almost the entire intensity scale; from Surtseyan to Phreatoplinian in case of "wet" eruptions and Strombolian to Plinian in terms of "dry" eruptions. In historical time the magma volume extruded by individual eruptions ranges from ∼1 m 3 to ∼20 km 3 DRE, reflecting variable magma compositions, effusion rates and eruption durations.All together 205 eruptive events have been identified in historical time by detailed mapping and dating of events along with extensive research on documentation of eruptions in historical chronicles. Of these 205 events, 192 represent individual eruptions and 13 are classified as "Fires", which include two or more eruptions defining an episode of volcanic activity that lasts for months to years. Of the 159 eruptions verified by identification of their products 124 are explosive, effusive eruptions are 14 and mixed eruptions are 21. Eruptions listed as reported-only are 33. Eight of the Fires are predominantly effusive and the remaining five include explosive activity that produced extensive tephra layers...

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Section: Distribution and Frequency Of Historical Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Thordarson

Larsen

2007

Journal of Geodynamics

510

454

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“…The Saksunarvatn Ash has previously been described in lake sequences on Shetland (Bennett et al, 1992). The ash is dated elsewhere to ca 9000 14 C yr BP (Birks et al, 1996) and 10,180±60 ice core years (Grönvold et al, 1995). Note: Analysed on the ARL SEMQ microprobe at Department of Geoscience, University of Bergen, using beam current 10 nA and acceleration voltage 15 kV.…”

Section: Loch Of Benstonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago

Bondevik

Mangerud

Dawson

et al. 2005

Quaternary Science Reviews

118

126

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Coastal fen-and lake deposits enclose sand layers that record at least three Holocene tsunamis at the Shetland Islands. The oldest is the well-known Storegga tsunami (ca 8100 cal yr BP), which at the Shetlands invaded coastal lakes and ran up peaty hillsides where it deposited sand layers up to 9.2 m above present high tide level. Because sea level at ca 8100 cal yr BP was at least 10-15 m below present day sea level, the runup exceeded 20 m. In two lakes, we also found deposits from a younger tsunami dated to ca 5500 cal yr BP. The sediment facies are similar to those of the Storegga tsunami-rip-up clasts, sand layers, re-deposited material and marine diatoms. Runup was probably more than 10 m. Yet another sand layer in peat outcrops dates to ca 1500 cal yr BP. This sand layer thins and fines inland and was found at two sites 40 km apart and traced to ca 5-6 m above present high tide. The oldest tsunami was generated by the Storegga slide on the Norwegian continental slope. We do not know what triggered the two younger events.

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“…Sedimentation rate for each age zone has been obtained with linear interpolation (Table 2 and Table 4). Ice-core ages are used for the Vedde (12000 cal yr BP) and the Saksunarvatn (10200 cal yr BP) tephras ( Grönvold et al, 1994;Zielinski et al, 1997 andGulliksen et al, 1998). The historical Hekla AD 1104 has simply been converted to cal yr BP.…”

Section: Chronologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental changes off North Iceland during the deglaciation and the Holocene: foraminifera, diatoms and stable isotopes

Knudsen

Jiang

Jansen

et al. 2004

Marine Micropaleontology

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A combined study of foraminifera, diatoms and stable isotopes in marine sediments off North Iceland records major changes in sea surface conditions since about 15800 cal years (yr) BP. Results are presented from two gravity cores obtained at about 400 m water depth from two separate sedimentary basins on each side of the submarine Kolbeinsey Ridge. The chronology of the sedimentary record is based partly on AMS 14 C dates, partly on the Vedde and the Saksunarvatn tephra markers, as well as the historical Hekla AD 1104 tephra. During the regional deglaciation, the planktonic foraminiferal assemblages are characterised by consistently high percentages of sinistrally coiled Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. However, major environmental variability is reflected by changes in stable isotope values and diatom assemblages. Low 18 O values indicate a strong freshwater peak as well as possible brine formation by sea-ice freezing during a pre-Bølling interval (Greenland Stadial 2), corresponding to the Heinrich 1 event. The foraminifera suggest a strong concurrent influence of relatively warm and saline Atlantic water, and both the foraminifera and the diatoms suggest mixing of cold and warm water masses. Similar but weaker environmental signals are observed during the Younger Dryas (Greenland Stadial 1) around the level of the Vedde Ash. Each freshwater peak is succeeded by an interval of severe cooling both at the beginning of the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial Complex (Greenland Interstadial 1) and during the Preboreal, presumably associated with the onset of intense deep water formatiom in the Nordic Seas. The Holocene thermal optimum, between 10200 and about 7000 cal years (yr) BP, is interrupted by a marked cooling of the surface waters around 8200 cal yr BP. This cold event is clearly expressed by a pronounced increase in the percentages of sinistrally coiled N. pachyderma, corresponding to a temperature decrease of about 3°C. A general cooling in the area is indicated after 7000-6000 cal yr BP, both by the diatom data and by the planktonic foraminiferal data. After a severe cooling around 6000 cal yr BP, the planktonic foraminiferal assemblages suggest a warmer interval between 5500 and 4500 cal yr BP. Minor temperature fluctuations are reflected both in the foraminiferal and in the diatom data in the upper part of the record, but the time resolution of the present data is not high enough to pick up details in environmental changes through the late Holocene.

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Ash layers from Iceland in the Greenland GRIP ice core correlated with oceanic and land sediments

Cited by 502 publications

References 22 publications

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago

Environmental changes off North Iceland during the deglaciation and the Holocene: foraminifera, diatoms and stable isotopes

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