Aspects Regarding the Physiological and Comfort Parameters in Shoes Made of Leather Substitutes

Abstract

The issue of replacing natural leather with leather substitutes is increasingly common in the leather goods industry. In this paper, it was addressed the issue of ensuring the physiological and comfort parameters when wearing leather substitute shoes. The aim of the paper is to analyze how the sanogenetic indicators influence the hygienic properties of footwear products starting from the porosity of the materials subjected to experimental determinations. Poromeric skin substitutes will be used, which allow the passage of water vapor and air. Both types of leather substitutes for shoe uppers and some types of textile materials for linings will be subjected to laboratory analysis, using the pycnometric method. In conclusion, the values obtained for porosity fall between 47 and 58%, limits also provided by the specialized literature. It is noted that the porosity values of leather substitutes are close to those of chrome-tanned leather, so as a result, the value of leather substitutes use will increase (they have sanogenetic properties similar to natural leather). Currently, leather substitutes are used more and more in the manufacture of footwear products, because they maintain a thermal transfer balance between the foot and the surrounding environment, favoring the elimination of moisture produced by the foot when wearing the footwear in the outdoor environment.

Environmental Considerations and Sustainable Solutions for Outdoor Advertising Banners

“…Waste within markers leads to losses and hinders our efforts to reduce it from an ecological standpoint. It is widely recognized that increasing the number of garments and sizes within a marker can improve marker utilization [59]. Additionally, incorporating markers of various dimensions aligns with our goal of creating a puzzle from the printed image on the banner (see Figure 3).…”

“…The integration of CAD/CAM systems in the garment industry has greatly improved the efficient utilization of fabrics [58,59]. Various management software tools are utilized to streamline and coordinate all operational aspects, from style design to product sales.…”

“…It is widely recognized that increasing the number of garments and sizes within a marker can improve marker utilization A single cutting order may necessitate the creation of multiple markers to achieve optimal operational efficiency. The efficiency of these markers is determined by fabric utilization, defined as the proportion of total fabric utilized in garment components [59]. The unused fabric area is considered waste.…”

“…Percentage of fabric used = ( ∑ Area of pattern pieces/Total area of marker) × 100% (1) Formula (1) quantifies the efficiency of fabric utilization by comparing the actual area of pattern pieces used to the total available area on the marker [59]. In our investigation, this calculation is automated by using a marking software, Gemini CAD (see Figure 4).…”