Assessing Activation Quality through Evaporative Drying Patterns of Zr-MOF (UiO-66) Colloidal Droplets

Abstract

We demonstrate a simple droplet diagnostic approach to monitor the UiO-66 MOF (metal−organic framework) synthesis and its quality using the sessile droplet drying phenomenon. Drying a sessile droplet involves evaporation-driven hydrodynamic flow and particle-nature-dependent self-assembled deposition. In general, the MOF synthesis process involves different sizes and physicochemical nature of particles in every synthesis stage. Equivalent quantities of each of purified poreactivated UiO-66 MOF, yet-to-be-purified pore-inactivated UiO-66 MOF, and reaction precursors of UiO-66 MOF give different deposition patterns when a well-dispersed aqueous droplet of these materials undergoes drying over substrates of varying stiffness and wettability. Yet-to-be-purified, pore-inactivated UiO-66 MOF nanoparticles undergo transport toward the droplet periphery, leading to a thick ring-like deposition at the dried droplet edge. Under appropriate drying conditions, such a deposit leads to desiccation-type mud-like reticular cracking. We study the origin of such ringlike deposits and cracks to understand how the surface charge density of UiO-66 particles controls their stability. We demonstrate that ZrOCl 2 salt trapped in a nonpurified pore-inactivated UiO-66 MOF moiety is the principal reason for ring-like deposit formation and subsequent cracking in its dried aqueous droplet edge. Qualitatively, we identified Lewis acid salts that are capable of acting as Bro̷ nsted acid upon hydrolysis (like FeCl 3 , SnCl 2 , and ZrOCl 2 ), influence surface charge density and colloidal stability of dispersed UiO-66 MOF particles. As a result, immediate particle coagulation is avoided, so those travel to the droplet edge, forming ring-like deposition and subsequent cracking upon drying. Further, we show that crack patterns on such deposits are highly dependent on the stiffness and temperature of depositing substrates via a competition between axial and lateral strains at the depositsubstrate interface.