Assessing Air Quality in Turkey: A Proposed, Air Quality Index

Büke, Tayfun; Köne, Aylin Çiğdem

doi:10.3390/su8010073

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Urban air pollution is a significant environmental problem for Turkey. Since 1990, it has seen a decrease in PM and SO 2 concentrations in urban areas, as a result of the switch from coal (with high sulphur content) to natural gas in residential heating and power generation ( 87 ). Even so, according to the 2010 WHO report, Turkey ranked the second most polluted among 34 countries with PM 10 levels above the WHO air quality standard ( 52 ).…”

Section: Cardiovascular Outcomes Of Particulate Matter: Lessons Learned From Epidemiology Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to particulate matter: a brief review with a focus on cardiovascular effects, children, and research conducted in Turkey

Şüküroğlu

Çakmak

2021

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Exposure to environmental particulate matter (PM), outdoor air pollution in particular, has long been associated with adverse health effects. Today, PM has widely been accepted as a systemic toxicant showing adverse effects beyond the lungs. There are numerous studies, from those in vitro to epidemiological ones, suggesting various direct and indirect PM toxicity mechanisms associated with cardiovascular risks, including inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, changes in blood pressure, autonomic regulation of heart rate, suppression of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, thrombogenesis, myocardial infarction, and fibrinolysis. In addition to these and other health risks, considerations about air quality standards should include individual differences, lifestyle, and vulnerable populations such as children. Urban air pollution has been a major environmental issue for Turkey, and this review will also address current situation, research, and measures taken in our country.

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Section: Cardiovascular Outcomes Of Particulate Matter: Lessons Learned From Epidemiology Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to particulate matter: a brief review with a focus on cardiovascular effects, children, and research conducted in Turkey

Şüküroğlu

Çakmak

2021

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…where m denotes herein the total number of the individual grades. For our particular case study (thermoelectric plant, Table 4), the calculation of the pollution index according to Equation (13) gives:…”

Section: Estimation Of the Index Of Global Pollution For A Thermoelecmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, typical quality indicators for the environmental component Air are: NO x , SO x , CO, VOCs, suspended particles, Hg-vapors, and others. According to [11][12][13], air pollution remains a critical global health and justice problem. In case of the environmental component Water, the common quality indicators are: COD, BOD, suspended solids, floating solids, oily products, dissolved substances such as salts or phenols, and others.…”

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confidence: 99%

Graphical Methodology of Global Pollution Index for the Environmental Impact Assessment Using Two Environmental Components

Cojocaru¹,

Cocârţă

Istrate

et al. 2017

Sustainability

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One of the applied methods for environmental impact assessment is the index of global pollution (I GP) proposed by Rojanschi in 1991. This methodology enables the global estimation for the ecosystem state affected more or less by human activities. Unfortunately, Rojanschi's method has a limitation; it can be applied only if at least three environmental components are considered. Frequently, many environmental impact assessment applications rely on analysis of only two environmental components. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a new graphical method to extend Rojanschi's approach for the case of two environmental components. The proposed method avoids the average value of evaluation grades and uses only the graphical correspondence for calculation of the index of global pollution. A right-angle triangle graph methodology was proposed, where bases represented the values of evaluation grades. Thus, for the case of two environmental components, the index of global pollution was calculated as the relation between the ideal and real ecosystem states represented by the ratio between areas of external and enclosed right triangles. The developed graphical method was tested and validated for real case studies: the environmental impact assessment from a refinery located on the Romanian Black Sea Coast considering Air and Water environmental components and from a coal-fired thermoelectric power plant from Eastern Romania regarding Air and Soil environmental components. In this way, it was provided a reliable and faster tool to be used for the pollution characterization of human-derived chemicals for better decisions in risk management.

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“…Since half of the world’s population lives in urban areas, improving the quality of the atmosphere is an important incentive for people’s sustainability and well-being. 2…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of air quality indices in the European Union towards adopting a common air quality index

Karavas

Karayannis

Μουστάκας

2020

Energy & Environment

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This study aims to compare air quality indices applied in European Union countries towards adopting a common air quality index. The urban European cities Rome, Madrid, Paris, London, Berlin, Warsaw, Stockholm, and Oslo were selected. Using the EEA AirBase air quality database, time series data for the major atmospheric pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5) were recovered for each city, for most recent years available. Daily averages, maximum hourly values and maximum 8-h averages were calculated for each pollutant. The air quality indices selected were BelAQI, DAQx, DAQI, AtmoIndex, AQIH, and CAQI. The daily value of each air quality indices and the corresponding dominant atmospheric pollutant were determined for each city. A two-stage normalization procedure was applied on air quality indices in a 0–1 range, to allow their direct comparison without altering their structure. All air quality indices exhibited air quality rates over 64% for all cities, thus below the European Union air quality standard. The dominant pollutant was NO2 for both BelAQI and DAQx; O3 for both DAQI and AQIH (with an exception for Warsaw where SO2 was the dominant pollutant). For CAQI, NO2 prevails in Berlin, London, Warsaw, Stockholm, and Oslo, while O3 prevails in Rome, Madrid, and Paris. The dominant pollutant for AtmoIndex was NO2 in Berlin, Warsaw, and Stockholm; O3 in Madrid, Paris, London, and Oslo; PM10 in Rome. A very strong positive statistical correlation ( p < 0.01) was found for all cities between BelAQI and CAQI, and also between CAQI and DAQx. A strong positive statistical correlation ( p < 0.01) was found for all cities between BelAQI and DAQx. A moderate positive correlation was shown between the following pairs of indices: AtmoIndex-DAQI, AtmoIndex-AQIH, DAQI-AQIH, BelAQI-AQIH, and AQIH-CAQI. On the contrary, a weak positive correlation was noticed between the following pairs of indices: BelAQI-DAQI, BelAQI-AtmoIndex, DAQX-DAQI, DAQx-AQIH, DAQI-CAQI, and CAQI-AtmoIndex. After the normalization process that enables the direct comparison of the air quality indices, the main results are the BelAQI presents the largest normalized median (range 0.33–0.5) implying the worst air quality compared to the other air quality indices. The CAQI has a median value of 0.33, the DAQx of 0.25, while the AtmoIndex a median value range of 0.125–0.375, and the DAQI and AQIH of 0.165–0.33. Concluding, the AQIH can be proposed as a common European Union air quality index because: firstly, its calculation comprises all significant atmospheric pollutants including PM2.5, thereby being harmonized with the Directive 2008/50/EC, and, secondly, AQIH does not display extremely low or high (normalized) values compared to the other air quality indices.

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Assessing Air Quality in Turkey: A Proposed, Air Quality Index

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Exposure to particulate matter: a brief review with a focus on cardiovascular effects, children, and research conducted in Turkey

Exposure to particulate matter: a brief review with a focus on cardiovascular effects, children, and research conducted in Turkey

Graphical Methodology of Global Pollution Index for the Environmental Impact Assessment Using Two Environmental Components

Comparative study of air quality indices in the European Union towards adopting a common air quality index

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