Assessing cobalt supply sustainability through production forecasting and implications for green energy policies

Rachidi, Ntebatše R.; Nwaila, Glen T.; Zhang, Steven E.; Bourdeau, Julie E.; Ghorbani, Yousef

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102423

Cited by 44 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In low-income countries, the transition to renewable energy sources is hampered not only by insufficient financial incentives and high technology costs but also by the difficulties of obtaining a long-term commitment and adequate financing. 33 When seeking to fund renewable energy projects at equal rates to those available for fossil energy projects, investors and manufacturers face a number of significant obstacles. 75 Since there are few financing and assistance choices available for renewable energy projects.…”

Section: Challenges In Integrating Renewable Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, they may see these technologies as unreliable, causing them to finance projects at considerably higher interest rates. 33 For renewable energy to be widely adopted, the public sector's involvement is not only required but also important. Unfortunately, in Pakistan, this level of participation is significantly lower than that of the private sector.…”

Section: Challenges In Integrating Renewable Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The important contribution of renewable energy technologies in overcoming Pakistan's energy crisis: Present challenges and potential opportunities

Asghar

Sulaiman

Mustaffa

et al. 2022

Energy & Environment

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In recent years, the environmental and economic consequences of coal, gasoline and other conventional energy sources have been widely discussed. Currently, Pakistan's energy output is highly dependent on these resources; as a consequence, the country is facing a severe energy crisis. The government spends more than $3.7 billion annually on fossil fuel imports, which has a significant impact on an already vulnerable economy. Moreover, the country is ranked as the seventh-most impacted region by climate change, making it critical for the government to take proactive measures. Renewable energy that is both economical and sustainable will become a realistic and viable choice for satisfying Pakistan's current and future energy demands. This article provides a detailed overview of Pakistan's long-standing energy scarcity concerns and discusses the country's current renewable energy challenges and opportunities. Additionally, Pakistan's efforts in the realm of renewable energy are compared to those of other Asian nations in order to understand how these countries are advancing renewable energy sources. Numerous statistics show that despite government initiatives, the amount of power generated from renewable sources falls short of the Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan’s (IGCEP’s) 2025 and 2030 targets. Achieving these aspirational targets will require competent policies, incentives, technological expertise and substantial political and financial commitments. Hence, this article also advised policymakers and city municipalities on how to enhance energy infrastructure, knowledge and the capacity for overcoming future challenges. In contrast, the development of renewable energy in Pakistan has been an extremely successful endeavour, but an effective and efficient approach is necessary to leverage the benefits of rapid progress.

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Section: Challenges In Integrating Renewable Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Challenges In Integrating Renewable Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The important contribution of renewable energy technologies in overcoming Pakistan's energy crisis: Present challenges and potential opportunities

Asghar

Sulaiman

Mustaffa

et al. 2022

Energy & Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The most critical metal used for LIBs manufacturing is Co. It is generally extracted by corresponding minerals in the primary production of copper and nickel [ 7 ]. Most of the world’s Co supply (about 60%) is guaranteed by mining from the Democratic Republic of Congo, which holds approximately 34% of the world’s Co resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the 1970s, the Co-market has been riddled with supply shortages relative to the demand, with great concerns arising because of the increasing demand for this metal in rechargeable LIBs [ 7 , 10 ]. From an economic point of view, Co has the highest commercial price among the metals used for cathodic mixed oxides production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability Analysis of Processes to Recycle Discharged Lithium-Ion Batteries, Based on the ESCAPE Approach

et al. 2022

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There are several recycling methods to treat discharged lithium-ion batteries, mostly based on pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical approaches. Some of them are promising, showing high recovery efficiency (over 90%) of strategic metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. However, technological efficiency must also consider the processes sustainability in terms of environmental impact. In this study, some recycling processes of spent lithium-ion batteries were considered, and their sustainability was evaluated based on the ESCAPE “Evaluation of Sustainability of material substitution using CArbon footPrint by a simplifiEd approach” approach, which is a screening tool preliminary to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The work specifically focuses on cobalt recovery comparing the sustainability of using inorganic or organic acid for the leaching of waste derived from lithium-ion batteries. Based on the possibility to compare different processes, for the first time, some considerations about technologies optimization have been done, allowing proposing strategies able to save chemicals. In addition, the energy mix of each country, to generate electricity has been considered, showing its influence on the sustainability evaluation. This allows distinguishing the countries using more low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables) for a share of the electricity mix, where the recycling processes result more sustainable. Finally, this outcome is reflected by another indicator, the eco-cost from the virtual pollution model 99′ proposed by Vogtländer, which integrates the monetary estimation of carbon footprint.

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“…Therefore, cobalt is listed as strategic metal by many countries. As an important primary raw material in industrial production, cobalt is mainly used in many industrial production fields, such as battery electrodes, metallurgy, catalysts and so on (Rachidi et al, 2021;van der Meide et al, 2022). Global growth in demand for electric vehicles is significantly driving cobalt demand, which is likely to increase 37-fold in 2030, judging by the criterion of cobalt demand in 2015 (Jones et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Country Risks on the Dependence Patterns of International Cobalt Trade: A Network Analysis Method

Shi

Sun

et al. 2022

Front. Energy Res.

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Cobalt is a key resource for the global energy transition, and the differences in the natural endowment of cobalt have led to frequent cobalt trade among countries. This study aims to reveal the dependence patterns of cobalt trade among countries and the impact of country risks (including political and economic risks) on the patterns. First, a cobalt import dependence network (CIDN) and a cobalt export dependence network (CEDN) are established using the network analysis method. Furthermore, this study uses network indicators to reveal the dependence patterns of cobalt trade among countries, and construct diversification indices of trade relations to further analyze the import source risk and the market concentration of cobalt trade. The results indicate that most cobalt importers have a high import source risk, and most cobalt exporters have a high market concentration. Finally, based on the panel regression methods, we reveal an interesting result showing that the dependence patterns of cobalt trade are significantly influenced by country risks. Specifically, on the one hand, for importers, an increase in political risk or economic risk has a negative impact on their dependence patterns of cobalt trade. On the other hand, for exporters, an increase in political risk or economic risk has different effects on their dependence patterns of cobalt trade. This study suggests that countries should pay more attention to the role of country risks in driving the dependence patterns when making cobalt trade policies.

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Assessing cobalt supply sustainability through production forecasting and implications for green energy policies

Cited by 44 publications

References 58 publications

The important contribution of renewable energy technologies in overcoming Pakistan's energy crisis: Present challenges and potential opportunities

The important contribution of renewable energy technologies in overcoming Pakistan's energy crisis: Present challenges and potential opportunities

Sustainability Analysis of Processes to Recycle Discharged Lithium-Ion Batteries, Based on the ESCAPE Approach

The Impact of Country Risks on the Dependence Patterns of International Cobalt Trade: A Network Analysis Method

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