“…Ethical efficacy is worth studying because it affects persistence in setting ethical goals and in dealing with ethical dilemmas ( Chou, Yang, & Chiu, 2016 ; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 2010 ). Further, a person with high ethical efficacy has persistence in upholding ethical principles ( Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 2010 ) and in performing ethical behavior and actions ( Huang & Lin, 2019 ; Mitchell & Palmer, 2010 ; Nelson, Poms, Wolf, Nelson, & Wolf, 2012 ). For the non-cognitive outcome, we measure the user experience and perception of learning effectiveness using VR.…”