Assessing fear in patients with cervical pain: Development and validation of the Pictorial Fear of Activity Scale-Cervical (PFActS-C)

Turk, Dennis C.; Robinson, James P.; Sherman, Jeffrey J.; Burwinkle, Tasha M.; Swanson, Kimberly

doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.03.001

Cited by 46 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…With regard to predictor measures, although some directly assess fear of experiencing pain, 47,65 others assess beliefs that pain may be indicative of serious injury, or that pain may be worsened by movement, 49,75,87 and only a subset assess specific avoidance behaviors. 47,65,87 With regard to criterion disability measures, a relatively small proportion assess how pain may interfere with factors such as mood, 8,59 sexual activity, 19,29,56 and sleep, 8,29,37,59,80 and researchers have expressed concern that some disability measures may be susceptible to floor and ceiling effects, possibly as a function of disability severity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relation Between Pain-Related Fear and Disability: A Meta-Analysis

Zale

Lange

Fields

et al. 2013

The Journal of Pain

273

186

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Within a biopsychosocial framework, psychological factors are thought to play an important role in the onset and progression of chronic pain. The cognitive-behavioral fear-avoidance model of chronic pain suggests that pain-related fear contributes to the development and maintenance of pain-related disability. However, investigations of the relation between pain-related fear and disability have demonstrated considerable between-study variation. The main goal of the current meta-analysis was to synthesize findings of studies investigating cross-sectional associations between pain-related fear and disability, in order to estimate the magnitude of this relation. We also tested potential moderators, including type of measure used, demographic characteristics, and relevant pain characteristics. Searches in PubMed and PsycINFO yielded a total of 46 independent samples (N = 9579) that reported correlations between pain-related fear and disability among persons experiencing acute or chronic pain. Effect size estimates were generated using a random effects model and artifact distribution method. The positive relation between pain-related fear and disability was observed to be moderate to large in magnitude, and stable across demographic and pain characteristics. Although some variability was observed across pain-related fear measures, results were largely consistent with the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relation Between Pain-Related Fear and Disability: A Meta-Analysis

Zale

Lange

Fields

et al. 2013

The Journal of Pain

273

186

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other valid and reliable tools that have been used to determine fear-avoidance beliefs and kinesiophobia are the Pictorial Fear of Activity Scale-Cervical (PFActS-C) [69], the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ) [70] and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) [66]. The PFActS-C was developed in relation to neck pain following whiplash injuries.…”

Section: Methods Of Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological and psychosocial determinants of musculoskeletal pain and associated disability

Vargas-Prada

Coggon

2015

Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology

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Although much attention has been given to the physical determinants of common musculoskeletal complaints such as back and arm pain, research points to a stronger influence of psychological factors. Multiple studies have implicated poor mental health and somatisation (a tendency to worry about common somatic symptoms) in the incidence and chronicity of musculoskeletal pain and associated disability. Also important are adverse beliefs about the prognosis of such disorders, and about the role of physical activity in their development and persistence. Differences in societal beliefs may have contributed to major variation in the prevalence of disabling musculoskeletal pain that has been observed between countries and in the same countries over time. Psychosocial aspects of work have also been linked with musculoskeletal pain, although relative risks have generally been smaller. There is a need to take account of psychological factors in the clinical management of patients with back, neck and arm pain. KeywordsMusculoskeletal pain; mental health; somatisation; health beliefs; psychosocial factors Historically, attempts to prevent incapacity for work from musculoskeletal disorders have focused mainly on the physical demands of employment. It has been assumed that symptoms and disability arise from injury to tissues, and can be prevented by better ergonomic design of occupational tasks to reduce mechanical loading. This biophysical paradigm may be appropriate for some types of musculoskeletal disease -for example, osteoarthritis of the hip caused by heavy lifting (see Chapter X) and degenerative meniscal Europe PMC Funders Group Europe PMC Funders Author ManuscriptsEurope PMC Funders Author Manuscripts tears in the knee caused by prolonged kneeling and squatting Chapter X). However, it has become increasingly apparent that the model has only limited applicability to common painful disorders of the back, neck and upper limb, which are the main musculoskeletal causes of disability for work.Most disabling pain of the back and upper limb is non-specific in nature with no clear evidence of underlying injury to tissues, and even where pathology can be demonstrated (e.g. herniation of an intervertebral disc in people with back pain), it appears often not to be the explanation for the symptom [1]. Furthermore, there have been major temporal changes in the prevalence of musculoskeletal illness and disability that cannot be explained by altered physical exposures. For example, social security statistics indicate that in Britain, long-term incapacity for work because of back pain increased more than eightfold between 1950 and the early 1990s [2], at a time when the physical demands of work were declining because of greater mechanisation and a shift in employment from manufacturing to service industries. And in Australia, there was a major epidemic of arm pain during the 1980s among office workers, which was not paralleled in other countries that were using similar technology [3].These observations indicate that factors ...

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“…All treatment completers also participated in post-treatment evaluations, during which the procedures described above for diagnosing FM were repeated. Baseline assessment included the Neck Disability Index (NDI)[23], the Center for Epidemiologic Study Depressive Symptoms scale (CES-D)[12], the pain severity sub-scale of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)[8], the Pictorial Fear of Activity Scale (PFACTS-C)[22], the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS)[10], and the Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale (CPSS)[1]. Physical measures included the neck strength and cervical range of motion (CROM) using the Vernon neck muscle test, sphygmomanometer dynamometer, and the CROM section of the Jan Van Breeman Quantification of Pain and Physical Functioning [24].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of fibromyalgia syndrome after whiplash injuries: Methodologic issues

Robinson

Theodore

Wilson

et al. 2011

Pain

Self Cite

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Problems in diagnosing FM among motor vehicle collision (MVC) patients with whiplash (WL) include: the predominance of tender points (TPs) in the neck/shoulder girdle region; the 3-month duration of widespread pain criterion; and, the stability of diagnosis. The present study examined the prevalence of FM in a cohort (N = 326) with persistent neck pain 3 months following WL injury who were enrolled in a treatment program. Physical examinations were performed at baseline and at the end of treatment. Results indicated that WL patients had a greater proportion of neck/shoulder girdle TPs, relative to distal TPs. Compared to a matched cohort of treatment-seeking FM patients, WL patients indicated less distal TPs (M = 7.3 TPs vs. M = 5.6 TPs, p < 0.001), but were equivalent on neck/shoulder girdle TPs (M = 9.0 TPs vs. 9.2 TPs, ns). Baseline prevalence of FM for the WL cohort based on ACR criteria was 14% (95% CI: 10% – 18%), adjusted TP criterion discounting for neck/shoulder tenderness indicated a prevalence of FM of 8% (95% CI: 5% – 11%). Finally, 63% of patients meeting American College of Rheumatology FM criteria at baseline did not meet this criterion at post-treatment (approx. 6-months post-MVC). In conclusion, present criteria used in determining FM may result in spuriously inflated rates of diagnosis among WL patients due to persistent localized tenderness following MVC. Furthermore, the transient nature of FM “symptoms” among WL patients should be taken into account before making a final diagnosis.

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Assessing fear in patients with cervical pain: Development and validation of the Pictorial Fear of Activity Scale-Cervical (PFActS-C)

Cited by 46 publications

References 30 publications

The Relation Between Pain-Related Fear and Disability: A Meta-Analysis

The Relation Between Pain-Related Fear and Disability: A Meta-Analysis

Psychological and psychosocial determinants of musculoskeletal pain and associated disability

Determination of fibromyalgia syndrome after whiplash injuries: Methodologic issues

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