Assessing groundwater salinity across Africa

Gurmessa, Seifu Kebede; MacAllister, Donald John; White, Deborah; Ourdraog, Issoufou; Lapworth, Dan; MacDonald, Alan

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154283

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…102,103 Also, arid conditions were identified as the primary determinant of groundwater salinity for the entire African continent. 51 The northwestern parts of India are covered with highly porous unconsolidated sediments of the Indus-Ganges basin 54 (Figures 1 and S7), and the high evaporation rates here can promote higher deposition of salts in soil from the dominant carbonate and silicate weathering that can easily reach groundwater with successive recharge and increase alkalinity 104−106 (Figure S7). Thus, an increasing prediction of excess salinity with alkaline soil pH can be observed (Figure S6).…”

Section: Dominant Predictorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, very limited studies have investigated the occurrence, variability, and factors affecting elevated groundwater salinity at regional scales, globally. , For sustained agricultural productivity and public health safety in India, where groundwater provides most of the irrigational and drinking water for the huge population, a detailed understanding of elevated groundwater salinity distribution and identification of the influencing factors are necessary. The primary objective of this study is to delineate the occurrence of elevated groundwater salinity [as electrical conductivity (EC) >2000 μS/cm] across major parts of India through the integration of field-based observations and ML models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Groundwater Salinity Across India: Predicting Occurrences and Controls by Field-Observations and Machine Learning Modeling

Sarkar,

Das,

Mukherjee

2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Elevated groundwater salinity is unsuitable for drinking and harmful to crop production. Thus, it is crucial to determine groundwater salinity distribution, especially where drinking and agricultural water requirements are largely supported by groundwater. This study used field observation (n = 20,994)based machine learning models to determine the probabilistic distribution of elevated groundwater salinity (electrical conductivity as a proxy, >2000 μS/cm) at 1 km 2 across parts of India for near groundwater-table conditions. The final predictions were made by using the best-performing random forest model. The validation performance also demonstrated the robustness of the model (with 77% accuracy). About 29% of the study area (including 25% of entire cropland areas) was estimated to have elevated salinity, dominantly in northwestern and peninsular India. Also, parts of the northwestern and southeastern coasts, adjoining the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, were assessed with elevated salinity. The climate was delineated as the dominant factor influencing groundwater salinity occurrence, followed by distance from the coast, geology (lithology), and depth of groundwater. Consequently, ∼330 million people, including ∼109 million coastal populations, were estimated to be potentially exposed to elevated groundwater salinity through groundwater-sourced drinking water, thus substantially limiting clean water access.

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Section: Dominant Predictorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater Salinity Across India: Predicting Occurrences and Controls by Field-Observations and Machine Learning Modeling

Sarkar,

Das,

Mukherjee

2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…How does salinization of water sources and soil due to climate change affect risk of noncommunicable diseases? How is it associated with birth outcomes, (Gurmessa et al, 2022;Kaushal et al, 2021;Rahman et al, 2019;Rakib et al, 2019;Rosinger, Bethancourt, Swanson, et al, 2021) are many research opportunities available for human biologists interested in examining extreme climatic events. In the table below, I have outlined a nonexhaustive set of climate change and health questions that are well-suited to the theoretical and methodological skillsets of human biologists-some that extend from those topics covered in the articles in this special issue as well as other key topics not covered (Table 1).…”

Section: Salinization Of Water Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme climatic events and human biology and health: A primer and opportunities for future research

Rosinger

2022

American J Hum Biol

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Extreme climatic events are increasing in frequency, leading to hotter temperatures, flooding, droughts, severe storms, and rising oceans. This special issue brings together a collection of seven articles that describe the impacts of extreme climatic events on a diverse set of human biology and health outcomes. The first two articles cover extreme temperatures extending from extreme heat to cold and changes in winter weather and the respective implications for adverse health events, human environmental limits, well‐being, and human adaptability. Next, two articles cover the effects of exposures to extreme storms through an examination of hurricanes and cyclones on stress and birth outcomes. The following two articles describe the effects of extreme flooding events on livelihoods, nutrition, water and food insecurity, diarrheal and respiratory health, and stress. The last article examines the effects of drought on diet and food insecurity. Following a brief review of each extreme climatic event and articles covered in this special issue, I discuss future research opportunities–highlighting domains of climate change and specific research questions that are ripe for biological anthropologists to investigate. I close with a description of interdisciplinary methods to assess climate exposures and human biology outcomes to aid the investigation of the defining question of our time – how climate change will affect human biology and health. Ultimately, climate change is a water, food, and health problem. Human biologists offer a unique perspective for a combination of theoretical, methodological, and applied reasons and thus are in a prime position to contribute to this critical research agenda.

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“…In arid areas, irrigation can cause the accumulation of soil salinity, making regions difficult for agriculture unless they are flushed. At the same time, drinking water is similarly affected, and at total dissolved solids (salinity) levels of more than 1,000 mg/L, it becomes highly unpleasant (Gurmessa et al , 2022).…”

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of climate variability and increasing water salinity impacts on the farmer’s income risk with future outlook mitigation

Khan

Khan²,

Ali³

et al. 2022

IJCCSM

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Purpose The main aim of this study is to investigate the impact of climate change and water salinity on farmer’s income risk with future outlook mitigation. Salinity and climate change are a threat to agricultural productivity worldwide. However, the combined effects of climate change and salinity impacts on farmers' income are not well understood, particularly in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach The response-yield function and general maximum entropy methods were used to predict the impact of temperature, precipitation and salinity on crop yield. The target minimization of total absolute deviations (MOTAD)-positive mathematical programming model was used to simulate the impact of climate change and salinity on socioeconomic and environmental indicators. In the end, a multicriteria decision-making model was used, aiming at the selection of suitable climate scenarios. Findings The results revealed that precipitation shows a significantly decreasing trend, while temperature and groundwater salinity (EC) illustrate a significantly increasing trend. Climate change and EC negatively impact the farmer's income and water shadow prices. Maximum reduction in income and water shadow prices was observed for A2 scenario (−12.4% and 19.4%) during 2050. The environmental index was the most important, with priority of 43.4% compared to socioeconomic indicators. Subindex amount of water used was also significant in study area, with 28.1% priority. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution ranking system found that B1 was the best climatic scenario for adopting climate change adaptation in the research region. Originality/value In this study, farmers' income threats were assessed with the aspects of different climate scenario (A1, A1B and B1) over the horizons of 2030, 2040 and 2050 and three different indicators (economic, social and environmental) in Northwestern region of Pakistan. Only in arid and semiarid regions has climate change raised temperature and reduced rainfall, which are preliminary symptoms of growing salinity.

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Assessing groundwater salinity across Africa

Cited by 21 publications

References 82 publications

Groundwater Salinity Across India: Predicting Occurrences and Controls by Field-Observations and Machine Learning Modeling

Groundwater Salinity Across India: Predicting Occurrences and Controls by Field-Observations and Machine Learning Modeling

Extreme climatic events and human biology and health: A primer and opportunities for future research

Drivers of climate variability and increasing water salinity impacts on the farmer’s income risk with future outlook mitigation

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