Assessing Heterogeneity Effects on Points A, B, and Organs at Risk Doses in High-dose-Rate Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer – A Comparison of 192Ir and 60Co Sources Using Monte Carlo N-Particle 5

Abstract

Purpose: The present article deals with investigating the effects of tissue heterogeneity consideration on the dose distribution of 192Ir and 60Co sources in high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT). Materials and Methods: A Monte Carlo N-Particle 5 (MCNP5) code was developed for the simulation of the dose distribution in homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms for cervical cancer patients. The phantoms represented water-equivalent and human body-equivalent tissues. Treatment data for a patient undergoing HDR-BT with a 192Ir source were used as a reference for validation, and for 60Co, AAPM Task Group 43 methodology was also applied. The dose values were calculated for both source types in the phantoms. Results: The results showed a good agreement between the calculated dose in the homogeneous phantom and the real patient’s treatment data, with a relative difference of less than 5% for both sources. However, when comparing the absorbed doses at critical points such as Point A right, Point A left, Point B right, Point B left, bladder International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement (ICRU) point, and recto-vaginal ICRU point, the study revealed significant percentage differences (approximately 5.85% to 12.02%) between the homogeneous and heterogeneous setups for both 192Ir and 60Co sources. The analysis of dose–volume histograms (DVH) indicated that organs at risk, notably the rectum and bladder, still received doses within recommended limits. Conclusions: The study concludes that 60Co and 192Ir sources can be effectively used in HDR-BT, provided that careful consideration is given to tissue heterogeneity effects during treatment planning to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes.