Assessing Perceptual Load and Cognitive Load by Fixation-Related Information of Eye Movements

Liu, Jung-Chun; Li, Kuei-An; Yeh, Su‐Ling; Chien, Shao-Yi

doi:10.3390/s22031187

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Probably, participants lengthened their initial fixations to process words more carefully, and as a result, needed less subsequent fixations on a word, which reduced GD. This pattern of eye movements under noise is in line with previous observations of eye-movement behavior under increasing cognitive load in [37,38].…”

Section: Interim Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Do we rely on good-enough processing in reading under auditory and visual noise?

Zdorova

Malyutina²,

Laurinavichyute

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Noise, as part of real-life communication flow, degrades the quality of linguistic input and affects language processing. According to predictions of the noisy-channel and good-enough processing models, noise should make comprehenders rely more on word-level semantics instead of actual syntactic relations. However, empirical evidence supporting this prediction is still lacking. For the first time, we investigated whether auditory (three-talker babble) and visual (short idioms appearing next to a target sentence on the screen) noise would trigger greater reliance on semantics and make readers of Russian sentences process the sentences superficially. Our findings suggest that, although Russian speakers generally relied on semantics in sentence comprehension, neither auditory nor visual noise increased this reliance. The only effect of noise on semantic processing was found in reading speed under auditory noise measured by first fixation duration: only without noise, the semantically implausible sentences were read slower than semantically plausible ones. These results do not support the predictions of the study based on the noisy-channel and good-enough processing models, which is discussed in light of the methodological differences among the studies of noise and their possible limitations.

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Section: Interim Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Do we rely on good-enough processing in reading under auditory and visual noise?

Zdorova

Malyutina²,

Laurinavichyute

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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“…The longer fixation duration in the as-built scenario means that pedestrians spent a long time on searching the environment and potential hazards. As reported by previous studies, longer fixation duration and lower fixation rate is related to higher cognitive load 34 . An earlier pedestrian eye tracking study also found that 'safe' pedestrians have a lower mean fixation duration than 'rogue' pedestrians after they get used to the environment 35 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Rethinking infrastructure design: Evaluating pedestrians and VRUs' psychophysiological and behavioral responses to different roadway designs

Guo¹,

Angulo²,

Tavakoli³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The integration of human-centric approaches has gained more attention recently due to more automated systems being introduced into our built environments (buildings, roads, vehicles, etc.), which requires a correct understanding of how humans perceive such systems and respond to them. This paper introduces an Immersive Virtual Environment-based method to evaluate the infrastructure design with psycho-physiological and behavioral responses from the vulnerable road users, especially for pedestrians. A case study of pedestrian mid-block crossings with three crossing infrastructure designs (painted crosswalk, crosswalk with flashing beacons, and a smartphone app for connected vehicles) are tested. Results from 51 participants indicate there are differences between the subjective and objective measurement. A higher subjective safety rating is reported for the flashing beacon design, while the psychophysiological and behavioral data indicate that the flashing beacon and smartphone app are similar in terms of crossing behaviors, eye tracking measurements, and heart rate. In addition, the smartphone app scenario appears to have a lower stress level as indicated by eye tracking data, although many participants don't have prior experience with it. Suggestions are made for the implementation of new technologies, which can increase public acceptance of new technologies and pedestrian safety in the future.

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“…In turn, in the PTs test, the occurrence of statistically significant differences between the variants was found in the Digit test (for parameters related to blinking: BDA, BDX, BDM) and the Fraction test (for BDA, FDA and SF parameters). As proved in the publication [31] perceptual load and cognitive load had an opposite effect on fixation duration. Higher perceptual load led to decreased fixation durations but higher cognitive load led to increased fixation durations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…pupil diameter and eye blink rate or blink frequency as a cognitive function indicators [20, 21, 22]. Studies investigating the potential of using eye movements for assessing the mental workload also indicate that pupil diameter and fixation time show an increase if the mental workload increases while saccade distance and saccade speed do not show any differences [23, 24]. Other scientific literature shows that saccade distance and saccade speed can be used as an indicator of mental workload [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual perception and workload of office workers in various acoustic conditions

Kamińska¹,

Radosz²,

Kapica³

2023

Preprint

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Noise in the office work environment can negatively affect workers' cognitive performance, number of errors made and comfort. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of various types of acoustic conditions in the mental work environment on visual perception (eye-tracking parameters) and workload. Method: In the experiment a group of 39 people aged 20 to 34 was asked to perform two eye-tracking tests (Perceptiveness and Speed Tests (PTs) and to read the text of a fictional biography, and then to answer questions about the reading). Mental workload was evaluated in each condition using NASA TLX questionnaire. The tests were performed in various acoustic conditions: variant W1 – no presentation of acoustic stimuli, variant W2 – sounds of office equipment, variant W3 – sounds of office equipment with quiet conversation in native language, variant W4 – sounds of office equipment with loud conversation in native language, variant W5 – filtered pink noise. In variants from W2 to W5 the equivalent sound level A was 55 dB. Results: The assessment of work efficiency in the reading test indicates the existence of statistically significant differences. The most errors were made during mental work with the audible sounds of office equipment with a loud conversation (Variant W4) and during mental work performed with audible filtered pink noise (W5). While reading the text, different acoustic conditions do not differentiate statistically significantly visual perception described by eye-tracking parameters. In turn, in the PTs test, statistically significant differences between the variants were found in the Digit test (average blink duration) and the Fraction test (average blink duration, average fixation duration and saccades frequency parameters). In conclusion, visual perception depends on the type of noise. Acoustic factors aggect workers' cognitive functions, mostly in more difficult tasks.

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Assessing Perceptual Load and Cognitive Load by Fixation-Related Information of Eye Movements

Cited by 33 publications

References 30 publications

Do we rely on good-enough processing in reading under auditory and visual noise?

Do we rely on good-enough processing in reading under auditory and visual noise?

Rethinking infrastructure design: Evaluating pedestrians and VRUs' psychophysiological and behavioral responses to different roadway designs

Visual perception and workload of office workers in various acoustic conditions

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