Assessing Rod, Cone, and Melanopsin Contributions to Human Pupil Flicker Responses

Abstract

These results demonstrate that cone- and rod-pathway contributions are more predominant than melanopsin contribution to the phasic pupil response. The combined rod, cone, and melanopsin inputs to the phasic state of the pupil light reflex follow linear summation.

Image and Non-Image Forming Melanopsin Function in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

“…While outer retinal deficits may have been manifest in the patients with early AMD, our testing conditions were primarily aimed towards optimum ipRGC isolation. Smaller stimuli (Feigl 2009) with retinal irradiance below melanopsin threshold (Barrionuevo et al 2014;Kardon et al 2009;Markwell et al 2010;Rosli et al 2012) can be useful to also detect deficits in rod and cone function.…”

Estudo da resposta da melanopsina na neuropatia óptica e no distúrbio de sono através do reflexo pupilar à luz

“…Em relação à natureza do espectro de estímulos luminosos dos fotorreceptores e suas contribuições pra o RPL, estudos de vários pesquisadores (Lucas et al, 2001;Hattar et al, 2003;Gamlin et al, 2007;Guler et al, 2008; estímulos luminosos de comprimento de onda longo e luminâncias altas, no entanto, acredita-se que os bastonetes também teriam uma participação nesses estímulos, embora a sua contribuição seja pequena e apenas em condições de baixa luminância (Gooley et al, 2012;Barrionuevo et al, 2014;Kawasaki et al, 2014).…”

An Evaluation of Melanopsin Function and Light Exposure in Depressive Disorders

“…IpRGCs also receive extrinsic synaptic impulses from rods and cones to serve non-image-forming functions (Belenky, Smeraski, Provencio, Sollars, & Pickard, 2003;Dacey et al, 2005;Jusuf et al, 2007;Schmidt & Kofuji, 2010;Wong et al, 2007). However, the extrinsic response has a higher temporal resolution (Barrionuevo et al, 2014;Joyce et al, 2015) than the intrinsic response which is slower and more sustained (Barrionuevo et al, 2014;Gamlin et al, 2007;Joyce et al, 2015;Kardon et al, 2009;Markwell et al, 2010). The peak spectral sensitivity of the melanopsin photopigment (max = 482 nm) lies between those of S-cones (max = 440 nm) and rods (max = 507 nm) (Gamlin et al, 2007;Markwell et al, 2010;McDougal et al, 2010).…”

“…A phasic amplitude percentage metric can be derived that measures the phasic peak-to-trough amplitude during the stimulus presentation reflecting the inner and outer retinal interaction (Feigl et al, 2014;Maynard et al, 2015). The PLR in response to a sinusoidal light stimulus can be derived as a combined vector sum of the inputs from rod, cone and melanopsin (Barrionuevo et al, 2014). At low irradiance (< 11.8 log quanta.cm -2 .sec -1 ) the PLR is contributed by rod and cone reflecting outer retinal contribution (Barrionuevo et al, 2014).…”

“…The PLR is the pupil constriction in response to light and is contributed by both inner retinal ipRGCs and outer retinal rods and cones (Adhikari, Zele, & Feigl, 2015b;Barrionuevo, Nicandro, McAnany, Zele, Gamlin, & Cao, 2014;Joyce, Feigl, Cao, & Zele, 2015;McDougal & Gamlin, 2010) whereas the PIPR, which is a sustained pupil constriction after light offset (Adhikari et al, 2015b;Gamlin et al, 2007;Hansen, Sander, Kessel, Broendsted, Kawasaki, Herbst, LundAndersen, Medicinska, & Oftalmiatrik, 2012;Kankipati, 2009;Kankipati, Girkin, & Gamlin, 2010;Markwell et al, 2010;McDougal et al, 2010;Park, Moura, Raza, Rhee, Kardon, & Hood, 2011;Young & Kimura, 2008), is predominantly driven by ipRGCs (Adhikari, Feigl, & Zele, 2016a;Gamlin et al, 2007). The measurement of the PIPR allows for the direct and in vivo assessment of ipRGC function in humans (Adhikari et al, 2015b;Feigl & Zele, 2014;Gamlin et al, 2007;Kankipati et al, 2010;Markwell et al, 2010;McDougal et al, 2010;Young et al, 2008).…”