Assessing the Attractiveness and Vulnerability of Eco-Terrorism Targets: A Situational Crime Prevention Approach

Gruenewald, Jeff; Allison, Kayla; Klein, Brent R.

doi:10.1080/1057610x.2015.1009798

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In most studies, scholars have operationalized exposed targets by the degree to which the physical target is easily accessible and frequented by the general public (Gruenewald, Allison‐Gruenewald, & Klein, ). Under this measurement scheme, the findings are mixed on the role of target exposure in shaping attack decisions.…”

Section: Scp Terrorism and Preventing Or Reducing Public Mass Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under this measurement scheme, the findings are mixed on the role of target exposure in shaping attack decisions. Using data from the American Terrorism Study (ATS), Gruenewald and colleagues () showed that eco‐ and animal rights extremists often attack more exposed targets, such as local businesses, construction sites, and open areas (e.g., farms). Conversely, by using those same data on a sample of extreme right extremists, Klein, Gruenewald, and Smith () found that successful attacks are unassociated with target exposure relative to failed and foiled far‐right violence.…”

Section: Scp Terrorism and Preventing Or Reducing Public Mass Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clarke and Newman () argued that terrorists will strike iconic targets , which is a function of their ideology motivating them to attack (see also Becker, ; Drake, ). Evidence indicates that terrorists, in fact, often favor iconic and/or symbolic targets (Gruenewald et al., ; Marchment, Bouhana, & Gill, ). As noted, however, more than 80% of mass shootings in the United States are unrelated to politics and are instead motivated by grievances versus specific persons, or by a quest for infamy (Capellan, ; Osborne & Capellan, ; Silva, ).…”

Section: Scp Terrorism and Preventing Or Reducing Public Mass Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clarke and Newman (, p. 95) concluded that more destructible targets can be “seriously damaged if not utterly destroyed.” To measure this concept, in the limited prior research, scholars have considered both the structural integrity of and the type of weaponry needed to destroy the target, finding that, in contrast to the tenets of SCP, terrorist incidents often involve less destructible targets (Gruenewald et al., ; Klein et al., ). Offering a somewhat different definition, Mandala and Freilich () found that nongovernmental targets, considered to be less destructible more generally, are also unassociated with successful terrorist assassinations.…”

Section: Scp Terrorism and Preventing Or Reducing Public Mass Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the applicability of situational crime prevention to the public mass violence context

Freilich

Chermak

Klein

2019

Criminology & Public Policy

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for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. In addition, we thank the guest editors and the other participants at the April 2019 National Science Foundation-sponsored workshop on mass violence at George Mason University for their helpful critiques of an earlier daft. Finally, we thank the peer reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.Research Summary: In this article, we argue that situational crime prevention (SCP) strategies can be used to prevent public mass violence, as well as to mitigate the harms caused from those attacks that still occur. We draw from the SCP perspective generally, and its application to terrorism particularly, as well as from the public mass violence literature. We focus on the pillars of opportunity that include target selection, weapon selection, tools used, and conditions that facilitate public mass violence attacks.Policy Implications: We conclude that SCP's EVIL DONE risk assessment template could be refined for the public mass violence context. We argue that the exposed, occupied, nearer, and easy dimensions, along with a newly created personal grievance dimension, could be used to identify more at-risk settings that should receive more situational interventions to prevent these attacks. We similarly conclude that SCP's other pillars could be used to prevent these attacks. We outline specific hard and soft interventions that could thwart these attacks. Importantly, we use examples to illustrate that SCP's strategies could effectively mitigate the harms caused by public mass violence attacks that do occur. We also set forth research strategies to test our claims. K E Y W O R D Senvironmental criminology, mass shootings, preventing mass violence, situational crime prevention, terrorism

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Section: Scp Terrorism and Preventing Or Reducing Public Mass Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scp Terrorism and Preventing Or Reducing Public Mass Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scp Terrorism and Preventing Or Reducing Public Mass Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scp Terrorism and Preventing Or Reducing Public Mass Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Investigating the applicability of situational crime prevention to the public mass violence context

Freilich

Chermak

Klein

2019

Criminology & Public Policy

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…34 Clarke and Newman are not alone in applying SCP to terrorism. In their analysis of the target-selection by eco-terrorists, Gruenewald and colleagues 35 applied SCP and found that the proximity of the targets also played a significant role. They found that local targets were more likely to be attacked than the national symbols.…”

Section: Target Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reloading the Armalite? Victims and Targets of Violent Dissident Irish Republicanism, 2007–2015

Morrison

Horgan

2016

Terrorism and Political Violence

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The centenary of the 1916 Rising marks a time of peaceful commemoration, across the island of Ireland. However, several violent dissident republican groups wish to seize it as an opportunity to re-organise in an attempt to bolster and legitimise their sustained paramilitary campaign. This study seeks to provide a greater understanding, of how this paramilitary activity has manifested from 2007 to mid-2015. We do this by assessing target selection, through analysis of the Violent Dissident Republican (VDR) events database. The data suggest that civilian targets are the most regularly attacked. However, when exclusively analysing targets of detonated explosives, the data show that police, security personnel and their infrastructure are more consistently targeted. The target selected can and does have an effect on attack method. These findings can both assist in protecting the potential targets of VDR attacks and contribute to the development of a strong nationalised, and localised, counter VDR narrative.

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Terrorism Risk Forecasting by Ideology

Onat

Gül

2018

Eur J Crim Policy Res

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Assessing the Attractiveness and Vulnerability of Eco-Terrorism Targets: A Situational Crime Prevention Approach

Cited by 34 publications

References 5 publications

Investigating the applicability of situational crime prevention to the public mass violence context

Investigating the applicability of situational crime prevention to the public mass violence context

Reloading the Armalite? Victims and Targets of Violent Dissident Irish Republicanism, 2007–2015

Terrorism Risk Forecasting by Ideology

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