“…Many related factors have contributed to the acceleration of Sal Forest degradation, with illegal rural settlement in Bangladesh's Madhupur tract being the main one [ 12 ]. Over the past two decades revealed that 15.42% of Sal Forest land became bare land and 0.37% of Sal Forest land was converted to a built-up area [ 59 ] the settlement area showed almost no change over the last three decades, although the land use pattern suggesting that the people have displaced their settlement in the forest area because of illegal settlement. The forest department demolished their present settlement and later on their new settlement in the forest area but not outside the forest area.…”