Assessing the impact of drinking water iodine concentrations on the iodine intake of Chinese pregnant women living in areas with restricted iodized salt supply

Gao, Min; Chen, W; Dong, Siming; Chen, Y; Zhang, Q; Sun, H; Zhang, Y; Wu, Wen Shu; Pan, Ziyun; Gao, Shu; Lin, Li‐Rong; Shen, Jun; Tan, Lei; Wang, G; Zhang, W

doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02308-y

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The daily intake of I and Se from drinking water would be < 3% of I and Se EAR. This is much smaller than the I contribution (10%) from drinking water suggested by Gao et al, ( 2021 ). The smaller contribution of Se from drinking water is not unusual as most drinking water has < 10 µg/L of Se (WHO, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

Environmental and human iodine and selenium status: lessons from Gilgit-Baltistan, North-East Pakistan

Shariati

Bailey

Arshad

et al. 2021

Environ Geochem Health

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Iodine and selenium deficiencies are common worldwide. We assessed the iodine and selenium status of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. We determined the elemental composition (ICP-MS) of locally grown crops (n = 281), drinking water (n = 82), urine (n = 451) and salt (n = 76), correcting urinary analytes for hydration (creatinine, specific gravity). We estimated dietary iodine, selenium and salt intake. Median iodine and selenium concentrations were 11.5 (IQR 6.01, 23.2) and 8.81 (IQR 4.03, 27.6) µg/kg in crops and 0.24 (IQR 0.12, 0.72) and 0.27 (IQR 0.11, 0.46) µg/L in water, respectively. Median iodised salt iodine was 4.16 (IQR 2.99, 10.8) mg/kg. Population mean salt intake was 13.0 g/day. Population median urinary iodine (uncorrected 78 µg/L, specific gravity-corrected 83 µg/L) was below WHO guidelines; creatinine-corrected median was 114 µg/L but was unreliable. Daily selenium intake (from urinary selenium concentration) was below the EAR in the majority (46–90%) of individuals. Iodine and selenium concentrations in all crops were low, but no health-related environmental standards exist. Iodine concentration in iodised salt was below WHO-recommended minimum. Estimated population average salt intake was above WHO-recommended daily intake. Locally available food and drinking water together provide an estimated 49% and 72% of EAR for iodine (95 µg/day) and selenium (45 µg/day), respectively. Low environmental and dietary iodine and selenium place Gilgit-Baltistan residents at risk of iodine deficiency disorders despite using iodised salt. Specific gravity correction of urine analysis for hydration is more consistent than using creatinine. Health-relevant environmental standards for iodine and selenium are needed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

Environmental and human iodine and selenium status: lessons from Gilgit-Baltistan, North-East Pakistan

Shariati

Bailey

Arshad

et al. 2021

Environ Geochem Health

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“…In some countries, iodine status seems to be sufficient, while in others, it is not [15,31]. Of note, iodine excess can be also found, mostly due to high iodine content in tap water [48][49][50][51]. In many countries (Continental Europe, the UK and the US), the primary sources of iodine are dairy products and fortified table salt [52][53][54][55][56][57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of sodium restriction on iodine prophylaxis: a review

Nista

Bagnasco

Gatto

et al. 2022

J Endocrinol Invest

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Purpose Sodium is essential to life. However, its dietary excess is detrimental to the cardiovascular system, and sodium restriction is a crucial step in cardiovascular prevention. Iodine deficiency has been fought worldwide for decades, and substantial success has been achieved introducing the use of iodine-enriched salt. Nevertheless, areas of iodine deficiency persist around the world, both in developing and industrialized countries, and a major concern affecting dietary sodium reduction programs is represented by a possible iodine intake deficiency. There are substantial differences in the source of alimentary iodine among countries, such as iodized salt added, household tap water, seafood, or salt employed in packaged food. It is clear that a sodium-restricted diet can induce differences in terms of iodine intake, depending on the country considered. Moreover, iodine status has undergone relevant changes in many countries in the last years. Methods Systematic review of literature evidence about the possible effects of sodium restriction on population iodine status. Results To date, the available results are conflicting, depending on country, salt iodization policy, as well as time frame of data collection. However, to ensure an optimal iodine supply by salt fortification, without exceeding the current recommendation by World Health Organization for salt intake, seems to be an achievable goal. Conclusion A balanced approach may be obtained by an adequate iodine concentration in fortified salt and by promoting the availability of iodized salt for household consumption and food industry use. In this scenario, updated prospective studies are strongly needed.

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“…Iodine intake from drinking water depends on its concentration in the water. Gao et al (2021) compared the intake of iodine between two groups of pregnant women: the first group consumed drinking water containing <10 µg I L -1 and the second consumed drinking water containing 50-99 µg I L -1 . The rate of contribution to total iodine intake increased from 3.0% in the first group to 45.7% in the second group (Gao et al, 2021).…”

Section: Iodine Concentration In Bottled Mineral Water Available On T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iodine vaporization is usually restricted by the addition of alkalis. In most cases, the substances used are sodium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and ammonium solution (NH4OH) (Gao et al, 2021;Takaku et al, 1995;Tagami and Uchida, 2005;Rasmussen et al, 2000;Oliveira et al, 2010;Flores et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine determination in mineral water using ICP-MS: Method development and analysis of brands available in Israeli stores

Rosen

Garber

Chen

2022

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis

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Assessing the impact of drinking water iodine concentrations on the iodine intake of Chinese pregnant women living in areas with restricted iodized salt supply

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

Environmental and human iodine and selenium status: lessons from Gilgit-Baltistan, North-East Pakistan

Environmental and human iodine and selenium status: lessons from Gilgit-Baltistan, North-East Pakistan

The effect of sodium restriction on iodine prophylaxis: a review

Iodine determination in mineral water using ICP-MS: Method development and analysis of brands available in Israeli stores

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