Assessing the Impacts of Changes in the Currency Exchange Rate on Air Pollution in Tehran:  A Sectoral Review

Goharipour, Hamed; Firoozabadi, Seyyed Soroosh

doi:10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.3.1411

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Tehran is one of the world's most polluted cities [55]. This pollution can affect human health directly or indirectly through contamination of the food chain.…”

Section: Based On the Findings Two Hypotheses Were Proposedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Metal Residue (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in Hen Eggs after Applying Different Cooking Methods

Hoseini,

Mohammadi-Nasrabadi,

Abedi

et al. 2023

Journal of Food Processing and Preservation

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As a nutritious food, eggs are capable of accumulating heavy metals and are a good indicator of environmental contamination. This study is aimed at determining the levels of heavy metal residues (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in hen eggs after applying different cooking methods. In an experimentally designed study, forty-four hen egg samples were selected from 22 best-selling brands of supermarkets in Tehran and categorized into one of four groups (raw, dry-frying, and boiling with and without eggshells). The levels of heavy metal residues were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in raw samples were 0.307, 1.654, 0.121, and 6.5 (μg.kg-1), respectively. After applying cooking methods, the residue of two heavy metals in boiling without eggshells (As: 0.228 ± 0.197 ; Cd: 1.985 ± 0.037 ) was lower than boiling with eggshells (As: 0.457 ± 0.918 ; Cd: 2.11 ± 0.223 μg.kg-1), while the dry-frying method had the lowest level of heavy metal residue (As: 0.222 ± 0.109 ; Cd: 1.54 ± 0.223 ) ( p < 0.05 ) and could be identified as efficient in reducing the amount of these heavy metals. In addition, different cooking methods did not make a significant difference in other heavy metal residues (Hg and Pb). To explain this reduction, two hypotheses can be proposed to explain the reduction of heavy metals after applying different cooking methods. First, the eggshell is permeable; the second is the association of heavy metals bonding with sulfur groups and weight loss due to evaporation. All heavy metal residues were found to be within acceptable permissible thresholds. Therefore, policymakers should protect the health of the population by continuously monitoring heavy metals in foods and prioritizing education and research on how to reduce them in the food chain.

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“…Tehran is one of the world's most polluted cities [55]. This pollution can affect human health directly or indirectly through contamination of the food chain.…”

Section: Based On the Findings Two Hypotheses Were Proposedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Metal Residue (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in Hen Eggs after Applying Different Cooking Methods

Hoseini,

Mohammadi-Nasrabadi,

Abedi

et al. 2023

Journal of Food Processing and Preservation

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“…Knowledge of the mineral content of eggs is becoming increasingly important for many reasons that are related to their health and nutritional value of eggs including, the consequences of egg metals on its embryonic development, and the use of eggs as bio-indicators for environmental metal pollution [ 21 ]. Tehran is one of the world's most polluted cities [ 22 ]. This pollution can affect human health directly or indirectly through contamination of the food chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer health risk assessment of Arsenic and Mercury in hen eggs through Monte Carlo simulations

et al. 2023

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Background This study was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals (arsenic and mercury) and estimate the probability that consumption of hen egg products collected in Iran has carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic consequences. Methods A total of eighty-four hen eggs from 21 major brands were randomly selected from among thirty local supermarkets in two seasons (winter (January) and summer (August) 2022). Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) was determined by using ICP-MS. The human health risk assessment refers to the formulation of the USEPA standard focused on Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), International Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) as a probabilistic method. Data analysis was carried out using the statistical software SPSS. Differences in mean concentrations of As and Hg in two seasons were tested by paired t-test. Results Over two seasons, the average As and Hg concentrations in hen eggs were 0.79 and 0.18 µg.kg−1, respectively. Seasonal difference in As concentration (p = 0.451) was not significant, whereas that of Hg concentration (p < 0.001) was significant. The calculated value of EDI was 0.29 µg As/day and 0.06 µg Hg/day. The EWI in the maximum scenario of as level in hen eggs was estimated to be 8.71 µg As and 1.89 µg Hg/month for Iranian adults. THQ's mean for As and Hg in adults was determined to be 0.00385 and 0.00066, respectively. In addition, ILCRs by MCS for As were 4.35E-4. Conclusion In total, the result indicates that there was not a significant risk of developing cancer; the calculation of THQ was still below the accepted level of 1, indicating that there was no risk while, according to most regulatory programs (ILCR > 10− 4) shows a threshold carcinogenic risk of arsenic through consuming in hen eggs. Therefore, policymakers need to be aware that it is prohibited to establish chicken farms in heavily polluted urban areas. It is essential to regularly conduct examinations to measure the presence of heavy metals in both ground waters used for agriculture and the feed provided to chickens. Additionally, it is advisable to focus on raising public awareness about the importance of maintaining a healthy diet.

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“…One of the major problems posed by heavy metals is that they are not usually metabolized by the body (Wang et al, 2017 ). Tehran, the capital of Iran, has received a reputation as one of the world's most polluted cities in recent years (Goharipour & Firoozabadi, 2022 ). This pollution can affect human health directly or indirectly through contamination of the food chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of lead and cadmium concentrations in hen's eggs using Monte Carlo simulations

Hosseini

Abedi

Nasrabadi

et al. 2023

Food Science & Nutrition

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The hen egg is one of the main sources of cheap, great quality, and nutritious food. This study aimed at determining the level of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in hen eggs and at assessing the carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic risks caused by the consumption of hen eggs collected in Iran. A total of 42 hen eggs from 17 major brands were randomly sampled from supermarkets. Lead and cadmium concentrations were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Additionally, using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method to calculate dietary exposure, target hazard quotient (THQ), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), the related human health risk associated with ingesting these hazardous metals for adults was evaluated. The average Pb and Cd concentrations in whole eggs were 7.16 ± 0.248, and 2.83 ± 0.151 μg kg−1, respectively, which were less than the maximum permitted levels, established by FAO/WHO and the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). Pb and Cd concentrations were significantly correlated at the 0.05 level (r = 0.350). Regarding the levels of Pb and Cd in eggs, overall, the estimated weekly intake (EWI) of these metals for adults by egg consumption was determined 0.014 and 0.007 mg/week, respectively, which were lower than the risk values suggested. The carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic indexes of Cd and Pb indicated that the adult population in Iran was safe (THQ Pb and Cd <1, ILCR <10−6 Pb). It should be emphasized that this research primarily focuses on egg consumption, which may account for a relatively small portion of Iranian consumers' overall exposure to Pb and Cd. Therefore, a comprehensive study on the risk assessment of these metals through whole‐diet foods is recommended. The findings showed that lead and cadmium levels in all evaluated eggs were suitable for human consumption. Adults' Pb and Cd exposure from eating eggs was significantly lower than the risk levels established by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), per the exposure assessment. According to the THQ values of these dangerous metals, which were below one value, egg eating by Iranian consumers does not present a non‐carcinogenic risk. In addition, this finding provides accurate and reliable information for policymakers to improve food safety status to reduce public health hazards.

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Assessing the Impacts of Changes in the Currency Exchange Rate on Air Pollution in Tehran: A Sectoral Review

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Heavy Metal Residue (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in Hen Eggs after Applying Different Cooking Methods

Heavy Metal Residue (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in Hen Eggs after Applying Different Cooking Methods

Consumer health risk assessment of Arsenic and Mercury in hen eggs through Monte Carlo simulations

Risk assessment of lead and cadmium concentrations in hen's eggs using Monte Carlo simulations

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