Assessing the toxicity and biodegradability of deep eutectic solvents

Selected issues related to the toxicity of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents—a review

“…However, taking into account their potential application in the pharmaceutical industry and in the food production, Radošević et al 2015;Hayyan et al 2015 andWen et al 2015 conducted studies to assess the risk connected with the use of this kind of solvents as they are not well understood yet. What deserves special attention is the synergy effect between DES ingredients, which results in a greater toxicity of the mixture than the toxicity of each of its ingredients separately (Hayyan et al 2013b;Paiva et al 2014).…”

Comparative in vitro study of cholinium-based ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents toward fish cell line

“…The slight difference between cell viability of CCO cells treated with ChCl:MA 1 and those treated with ChCl:MA 2 shows that the molar ratio of DESs could play a certain role in the toxicity profile of those mixtures, and in this particular case the cytotoxicity increased with the increase in acid content. The impact of different molar ratios on DES toxicity was also shown by Hayyan et al (2015) for ChCl:U, as well as by Wen et al (2015) and Ventura et al (2014) who reported that the toxicity of cholinium salts is anion-dependent. As previously mentioned, among the tested DESs with organic acids or sugars, ChCl:MA 1 was the one that largely influenced cell viability, probably due to the significant inhibitory effect of malic acid alone (Fig.…”

From green chemistry to nature: The versatile role of low transition temperature mixtures

“…The extensive hydrogen-bonding network in the DES seems to be sufficiently strong to prevent the DES from complete dissociation in aqueous solution. In a same manner, it is proved that some DES (depending on the composition and concentration) possess an anti-bacterial property and exhibit inhibitory effects on microorganisms [22,24,25]. Interestingly, the studies have revealed a higher cytotoxicity from the eutectic mixture compared to the additive effect of the components individually or added simultaneously.…”

“…A similar work with NADES showed that the interactions between components will be weakened with water dilution and even broken with water content above 50% (v/v) [21]. On the contrary, recent experiments [22,23] clearly demonstrated that the inherent properties of DES (assessed on enzyme activity/stability or toxicity on fresh-water animals) solubilized in aqueous solution remain intact, or at least are completely different than the corresponding aqueous solution of components. The extensive hydrogen-bonding network in the DES seems to be sufficiently strong to prevent the DES from complete dissociation in aqueous solution.…”