Assessment of Position Factors that Increase Vulnerability to Espionage,

Crawford, Kent S.; Bosshardt, Michael J.

doi:10.21236/ada293707

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…That internal spies are developed only after they are cleared and hired has some significant implications for both offensive and defensive counterespionage operations. It suggests the central importance of understanding vulnerabilities to seeking or being recruited by an FIS or other hostile entity (Crawford & Bosshardt, 1993). It also suggests that there are typically approach and avoidance motivational forces that operate to varying degrees in the individual's decision making.…”

Section: Psychological Consultation To Counterintelligence and Counte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical dilemmas in psychological consultation to counterintelligence and counterterrorism activities.

Kennedy¹,

Borum²,

Fein³

2011

Ethical Practice in Operational Psychology: Military and National Intelligence Applications.

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Psychologists providing consultation to counterintelligence (CI) and counterterrorism (CT) missions of the U.S. Armed Forces and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) face multiple professional and personal challenges. The required roles and functions in operational support are quite distinct from those in providing clinical or health services, yet few guidelines or professional standards exist specifically for this area of practice. In this relatively uncharted territory, psychologists must navigate carefully to avoid the ethical pitfalls that may arise in supporting these critical but challenging missions. In this chapter, we review how DoD psychologists support CI and CT operations and investigations by summarizing Shumate and Borum ( 2006); then we discuss the most pertinent ethical dilemmas psychologists may encounter in these activities; and we finish by describing the ways DoD psychologists are working to resolve these ethical issues. This chapter cannot address every possible dilemma or set an ethical standard of practice. Instead, we present a broad view by examining how psychologists might apply the General Principles

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Section: Psychological Consultation To Counterintelligence and Counte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical dilemmas in psychological consultation to counterintelligence and counterterrorism activities.

Kennedy¹,

Borum²,

Fein³

2011

Ethical Practice in Operational Psychology: Military and National Intelligence Applications.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It suggests the central importance of understanding vulnerabilities to seeking or being recruited by a FIS or other hostile entity (Crawford & Bosshardt, 1993). It also suggests that there are typically approach and avoidance forces that operate to varying degrees in the individual's decision making.…”

Section: Counterespionagementioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Support to Defense Counterintelligence Operations

Shumate

Borum

2006

Military Psychology

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The practice of providing psychological or behavioral science support to counterintelligence operations is relatively new, but actively evolving. Psychologists-some of whom refer to themselves as operational psychologists-provide assessments for, and consultations to, operators, case officers, service members, and others on psychological or behavioral issues relevant for planning, managing, or terminating elements of an operation and handling human assets. Specifically, they may conduct direct or indirect risk assessments, offer perspectives on source recruitment and handling, or support interrogations and other information-gathering activities. Counterintelligence's focal areas, currently, are counterespionage and counterterrorism. We describe how psychologists have provided value-added support to each of those Department of Defense missions.

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“…Motivation for insider espionage results from a complex, interaction between personality characteristics and situational variables (Crawford & Bosshardt, 1993;Eoyang, 1994;Sarbin, 1994;Parker & Wiskoff, 1991;Timm, 1991). While most insiders possess personal qualities that are not conducive to committing espionage (or any serious crime for that matter), some insiders with access to classified and proprietary files become motivated to commit espionage when they encounter the right conditions in their personal and professional lives.…”

Section: Part II Situations That Can Provide Motivation For Insider Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Motivation, broadly defined, is a feeling or state of mind that influences one's choices and actions. While motivation for espionage results from a complex interaction between personality characteristics and situational factors (Crawford & Bosshardt, 1993;Eoyang, 1994;Sarbin, 1994;Parker & Wiskoff, 1991;Shaw, Ruby & Post, 1998;Timm, 1991), this study focuses primarily on the latter. Despite the significance of individual characteristics in determining which insiders will commit espionage, if more insiders are encountering situations that can provide motivation for espionage, more insiders could 2 become sufficiently motivated to spy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological, Social, and Economic Trends That Are Increasing U.S. Vulnerability to Insider Espionage

Kramer¹,

Heuer²,

Crawford³

2005

Self Cite

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1.REPORT DATE (DD⋅MM⋅YYYY) This study explores ten technological, social, and economic trends in the United States and globally that are serving to increase opportunity and motivation for espionage. Findings suggest that American "insiders" have an unprecedented level of access to classified and proprietary information due to technological advances in information storage and retrieval. American employees have greater opportunity to establish contact with foreign entities and to transfer information to them through traveling internationally more often and by participating in international research and business ventures more frequently. Internet use is expanding globally and computer-users are becoming more culturally and linguistically diverse. The Internet can now be used to transmit massive amounts of digitized information to multiple foreign parties simultaneously. Finally, the market for U.S. information is expanding. American insiders can sell more types of information to a broader range of foreign buyers than ever before. In addition to these new opportunities for espionage, American employees are more often encountering situations that can provide motivation for this crime. More insiders are experiencing financial problems and gambling addiction, both of which can provide impetus for workplace theft. Loyalty to organizations is diminishing and a greater proportion of American workers are at risk for becoming disgruntled. A growing number of insiders have emotional and financial ties to other countries. Under some circumstances, insiders with loyalties to other peoples may be less inclined to view espionage as morally wrong. It is possible that some insiders with a global orientation to world affairs will view espionage as morally justifiable if they feel that sharing information will benefit the "world community" or prevent armed conflict. Building upon findings of previous research, the current study explores insider espionage from an especially broad perspective by examining factors that are relevant to prevalence of espionage. Rat...

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Assessment of Position Factors that Increase Vulnerability to Espionage,

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Ethical dilemmas in psychological consultation to counterintelligence and counterterrorism activities.

Ethical dilemmas in psychological consultation to counterintelligence and counterterrorism activities.

Psychological Support to Defense Counterintelligence Operations

Technological, Social, and Economic Trends That Are Increasing U.S. Vulnerability to Insider Espionage

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