“…8 Our group had established several biological assay methods for the quality control of TCMs, such as purgative activity assays, cardiac activity assays, antiviral activity assays, and antiplatelet aggregation assays. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Despite the potential advantage of being able to show close association with clinical efficacy, biological assays still have some limitations, such as limited operability, high cost, low precision, and animal ethics issues, when live animals are used in some instances. 2,[19][20][21][22] However, those limitations are usually not limitations for chemical analyses.…”