Association between Axial Length and Myopic Maculopathy

Hashimoto, Sawako; Yasuda, Miho; Fujiwara, Kohta; Ueda, Emi; Hata, Jun; Hirakawa, Yoichiro; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Sonoda, Koh Hei

doi:10.1016/j.oret.2019.04.023

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Furthermore, in addition to well-established risk factors of MMD (e.g. age and AL), 16 , 44 , 45 we found that eyes with PS have a 25.72 percentage point higher likelihood of having MMD than eyes without, after accounting for confounders, such as age and AL. We infer from these findings that age and AL alone are not the sole contributors to the risk or severity of MMD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Association of Aberrant Posterior Vitreous Detachment and Pathologic Tractional Forces With Myopic Macular Degeneration

Tey

Wong

Dan

et al. 2021

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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The purpose of this study was to assess whether the tractional elements of pathologic myopia (PM; e.g. myopic traction maculopathy [MTM], posterior staphyloma [PS], and aberrant posterior vitreous detachment [PVD]) are associated with myopic macular degeneration (MMD) independent of age and axial length, among highly myopic (HM) eyes. METHODS.One hundred twenty-nine individuals with 239 HM eyes from the Myopic and Pathologic Eyes in Singapore (MyoPES) cohort underwent ocular biometry, fundus photography, swept-source optical coherence tomography, and ocular B-scan ultrasound.Images were analyzed for PVD grade, and presence of MTM, PS, and MMD. The χ 2 test was done to determine the difference in prevalence of MMD between eyes with and without PVD, PS, and MTM. Multivariate probit regression analyses were performed to ascertain the relationship between the potential predictors (PVD, PS, and MTM) and outcome variable (MMD), after accounting for possible confounders (e.g. age and axial length). Marginal effects were reported. RESULTS.Controlling for potential confounders, eyes with MTM have a 29.92 percentage point higher likelihood of having MMD (P = 0.003), and eyes with PS have a 25.72 percentage point higher likelihood of having MMD (P = 0.002). The likelihood of MMD increases by 10.61 percentage points per 1 mm increase in axial length (P < 0.001). Subanalysis revealed that eyes with incomplete PVD have a 22.54 percentage point higher likelihood of having MMD than eyes with early PVD (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS.Our study demonstrated an association between tractional (MTM, PS, and persistently incomplete PVD) and degenerative elements of PM independent of age and axial length. These data provide further insights into the pathogenesis of MMD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Association of Aberrant Posterior Vitreous Detachment and Pathologic Tractional Forces With Myopic Macular Degeneration

Tey

Wong

Dan

et al. 2021

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“… 30 In the Hisayama study, MMD (excluding tessellation, tilted disc, and parapapillary atrophy) was only observed in eyes ≥23.0 mm in men and ≥22.0 mm in women, and the discriminating ability for the presence of MMD was highest at 25.9 mm in men and 25.3 mm in women. 39 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis

Haarman

Enthoven

Tideman

et al. 2020

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

410

288

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Purpose To determine the risk between degree of myopia and myopic macular degeneration (MMD), retinal detachment (RD), cataract, open angle glaucoma (OAG), and blindness. Methods A systematic review and meta-analyses of studies published before June 2019 on myopia complications. Odds ratios (OR) per complication and spherical equivalent (SER) degree (low myopia SER < –0.5 to > –3.00 diopter [D]; moderate myopia SER ≤ –3.00 to > –6.00 D; high myopia SER ≤ –6.00 D) were calculated using fixed and random effects models. Results Low, moderate, and high myopia were all associated with increased risks of MMD (OR, 13.57, 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.18–29.79; OR, 72.74, 95% CI, 33.18–159.48; OR, 845.08, 95% CI, 230.05–3104.34, respectively); RD (OR, 3.15, 95% CI, 1.92–5.17; OR, 8.74, 95% CI, 7.28–10.50; OR, 12.62, 95% CI, 6.65–23.94, respectively); posterior subcapsular cataract (OR, 1.56, 95% CI, 1.32–1.84; OR, 2.55, 95% CI, 1.98–3.28; OR, 4.55, 95% CI, 2.66–7.75, respectively); nuclear cataract (OR, 1.79, 95% CI, 1.08–2.97; OR, 2.39, 95% CI, 1.03–5.55; OR, 2.87, 95% CI, 1.43–5.73, respectively); and OAG (OR, 1.59, 95% CI, 1.33–1.91; OR, 2.92, 95% CI, 1.89–4.52 for low and moderate/high myopia, respectively). The risk of visual impairment was strongly related to longer axial length, higher myopia degree, and age older than 60 years (OR, 1.71, 95% CI, 1.07–2.74; OR, 5.54, 95% CI, 3.12–9.85; and OR, 87.63, 95% CI, 34.50–222.58 for low, moderate, and high myopia in participants aged >60 years, respectively). Conclusions Although high myopia carries the highest risk of complications and visual impairment, low and moderate myopia also have considerable risks. These estimates should alert policy makers and health care professionals to make myopia a priority for prevention and treatment.

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“…While AL is the most important determinant of myopia, it is not the only parameter involved in refractive error development. The principal determinant of myopic maculopathy in adults is not necessarily a refractive error less than −5.0 D, but rather an AL exceeding 25.3 mm in women and 25.9 mm in men 26 . In cases with long ALs but no or little myopia, the cornea is flatter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal analysis of axial length growth in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents

Truckenbrod

Meigen

Brandt

et al. 2021

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose To generate continuous growth curves for axial length (AL) in German children. We hypothesise that percentile curves of AL can be used as a predictive measure of myopia. Methods In this longitudinal and cross‐sectional LIFE Child Study, children’s non‐cycloplegic refraction data was collected using the Zeiss i.Profiler plus while AL was measured using the Haag‐Streit Lenstar. Reference growth curves were estimated as a continuous non‐parametric function of age. Results Data from 4511 visits of 1965 participants (1021 boys and 944 girls) between 3 and 18 years of age were analysed. For all ages and percentiles, the estimated AL was higher in boys than girls. AL differences between boys and girls were most pronounced in the 98th percentile at 3 years of age, being 0.93 mm longer eyes in boys. This difference decreased to 0.21 mm at 18 years of age. While the lower percentiles of AL reach their final value around age 13, the 50th percentile was still increasing by 0.05 mm per year until the end of the observation period. While, in general, children with longer eyes are more likely to develop myopia, this relationship is weaker between the ages of 5 and 8. Conclusion The LIFE Child Study data provides European AL data. In both Germany and China, AL has comparable growth rates when the baseline ALs are compared as percentiles. Thus, percentile curves of AL can be used as a predictive measure for the likelihood of developing as well as the progression of myopia.

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Association between Axial Length and Myopic Maculopathy

Cited by 38 publications

References 34 publications

Association of Aberrant Posterior Vitreous Detachment and Pathologic Tractional Forces With Myopic Macular Degeneration

Association of Aberrant Posterior Vitreous Detachment and Pathologic Tractional Forces With Myopic Macular Degeneration

The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis

Longitudinal analysis of axial length growth in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents

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