Association between cannabis use and suicidal behavior: A systematic review of cohort studies

Carvalho, João Victor; Souza, Lucca S; Moreira, Esdras Cabus

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114555

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“… 2010 ; Carvalho et al. 2022 ). Only one review reported no firm evidence of important psychological health consequences (including suicidality) following cannabis use (Macleod et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2010 ; Carvalho et al. 2022 ). Cannabis use in military veterans and BD and MDD patients was also associated with suicidal attempts, though the evidence for MDD was less consistent.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, most studies controlling their outcomes for alcohol or non-cannabis substance use disorders have demonstrated a stable association between cannabis use and suicidal behaviour (Carvalho et al. 2022 ; Turna and MacKillop 2021 ; Borges et al. 2016 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suicidality risk after using cannabis and cannabinoids: An umbrella review

Shamabadi

Ahmadzade

Pirahesh

et al. 2023

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

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The increasing prevalence and burden of suicide have led to numerous studies to identify its risk factors. Cannabis is the most common illicit substance detected in suicide victims’ toxicology tests. This study aims to identify and appraise systematic reviews investigating suicidality after using cannabis and cannabinoids. Seven databases and two registries were searched without restrictions for systematic reviews investigating cannabis effects on suicidality. AMSTAR-2 was used for quality assessment and corrected covered area and citation matrix were used to determine overlap. Twenty-five studies were included, of which 24 were on recreational use and one was on therapeutic use. Only three of the studies on recreational use reported no effect or inconsistent results. Evidence generally showed a positive association between cannabis use and suicidal ideation and attempt among the general population, military veterans, and bipolar or major depression patients. A bidirectional causal association between cannabis and suicidal ideation was also mentioned. Moreover, a younger age of initiation, long-term use, and heavy consumption were reported to be associated with even worse suicidal outcomes. On the contrary, current evidence indicates that the therapeutic cannabis is safe. In conclusion, the literature supports the cannabis-suicidality association in recreational use but considers cannabidiol safe for treatment. Further studies with quantitative and interventional approaches are recommended.

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“… 2010 ; Carvalho et al. 2022 ). Only one review reported no firm evidence of important psychological health consequences (including suicidality) following cannabis use (Macleod et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2010 ; Carvalho et al. 2022 ). Cannabis use in military veterans and BD and MDD patients was also associated with suicidal attempts, though the evidence for MDD was less consistent.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Suicidality risk after using cannabis and cannabinoids: An umbrella review

Shamabadi

Ahmadzade

Pirahesh

et al. 2023

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

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The annual trend of suicide rates from 2010 to 2021 in patients with cannabis use disorder – a national registry study

Myhre,

Rognli,

Walby

et al. 2024

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Purpose The temporal trend of suicide in patients with cannabis use disorder (CUD) is important to investigate, considering the recent increases in THC concentration in cannabis products. This study describes the annual suicide rates in patients with CUD from 2010 to 2021. To investigate if any change in suicide rate was specific to CUD, we compared these suicide rates with corresponding data for patients with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUDs). Method The study used a time series design. We used a national registry linkage between the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry and the Norwegian Patient Registry from 2010 to 2021, including patients with CUD (ICD-10 code F12), AUD (F10), or other SUDs (F11; F13-F16; F18-F19) who died by suicide, supplemented with the total number of patients treated with specific disorders to estimate the suicide rates. The trend was analyzed by comparing the annual suicide rate to 2010 and using Poisson regression, adjusting for gender, age, and mental disorders. Results We found increased annual incidence rate ratios for patients with CUD in 2018 (IRR = 2.14 (95% CI 1.14–3.99)) and onwards and an increasing time trend over the study period (IRR = 1.08 (1.05–1.12)). No increases in trends were found for AUD or other SUDs. The time trend for CUD was attenuated when adjusting for depressive or anxiety disorders (aIRR = 1.00 (0.92–1.08)) or other SUDs (aIRR = 0.96 (0.87–1.06)). Conclusions Increasing suicide rates were found in patients with CUD. Comorbid anxiety and depression or other SUDs, but not other mental disorders, could partly explain these results.

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Cannabis use, health problems, and criminal offences in Germany: national and state-level trends between 2009 and 2021

Manthey,

Klinger,

Rosenkranz

et al. 2024

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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The German federal government plans to decriminalise cannabis. The impact of this policy on use prevalence, cannabis-related health and legal problems cannot be fully anticipated and should be viewed in context with current trends. We used routine data on (a) cannabis use (population-based surveys), (b) cannabis-related diagnoses (ICD-10 code F12) in outpatient medical settings and (c) minor law offences (registered violations against the narcotics law for possessing small amounts) to analyse age and sex-specific trends by federal state between 2009 and 2021. To enable comparisons across time and federal state besides crude prevalence rates, age-standardised rates were calculated. Between 2009 and 2021, the age-standardised prevalence of cannabis use (5.7–10.6%), rate of diagnoses (1.1–3.7 per 1,000), and legal offences (1.8–3.1 per 1,000) increased, with the largest increase noted for cannabis-related diagnoses. Relatively, increases were most pronounced for older users (40-to-59-year-olds: use and offences; 35-to-44-year-olds: cannabis-related diagnoses) and rather stagnant for minors. Cannabis use and health problems appear to be more pronounced in Northern and city states, while no clear geographic trend was observed for law offences. Cannabis-related outpatient treatment demand has risen more steeply than use prevalence suggesting an increasing challenge for the health care system. Despite rising rates for documented offences, the long-term implications of law violations on social and occupational life are poorly understood but may be considered for evaluations of the proposed law changes.

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Association between cannabis use and suicidal behavior: A systematic review of cohort studies

Cited by 8 publications

References 47 publications

Suicidality risk after using cannabis and cannabinoids: An umbrella review

Suicidality risk after using cannabis and cannabinoids: An umbrella review

The annual trend of suicide rates from 2010 to 2021 in patients with cannabis use disorder – a national registry study

Cannabis use, health problems, and criminal offences in Germany: national and state-level trends between 2009 and 2021

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