Association between cholesterol synthesis/absorption markers and effects of cholesterol lowering by atorvastatin among patients with high risk of coronary heart disease

Qi, Yue; Liu, Jing; Ma, Changsheng; Wang, Wei; Liu, Xiaohui; Wang, Miao; Lv, Qiang; Sun, Jiayi; Liu, Jun; Li, Yan; Zhao, Dong

doi:10.1194/jlr.p040360

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The risk of accumulation of excessive cholesterol inside the body and cardiovascular diseases is a serious concern for health professionals all over the world in the 21 st century [11] . Ginseng has long been used for the treatment of heart failure and to protect against tissue damage under cellular and environmental stress without any side effects [5] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black ginseng extract ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in rats

Saba

Jeon

Jeong

et al. 2016

Journal of Ginseng Research

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BackgroundGinseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-characterized medicinal herb listed in the classic oriental herbal dictionary as “Shin-nong-bon-cho-kyung.” Ginseng has diverse pharmacologic and therapeutic properties. Black ginseng (BG, Ginseng Radix nigra) is produced by repeatedly steaming fresh ginseng nine times. Studies of BG have shown that prolonged heat treatment enhances the antioxidant activity with increased radical scavenging activity. Several recent studies have showed the effects of BG on increased lipid profiles in mice. In this study report the effects of water and ethanol extracts of BG on hypercholesterolemia in rats. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an effect has been reported.MethodsExperiments were conducted on male Sprague Dawley rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with the water and ethanol extracts of BG (200 mg/kg). Their blood cholesterol levels, serum white blood cell levels, and cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were determined. Liver and adipose tissues were histologically analyzed.ResultsWe found that BG extracts efficiently reduced the total serum cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with increased food efficiency ratio and increased number of neutrophil cells. It also attenuated the key genes responsible for lipogenesis, that is, acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, at the mRNA level inside liver cells. Furthermore, the BG extract also reduced the accumulation of fat in adipose tissues, and inhibited the neutral fat content in liver cells stained with hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O.ConclusionAdministration of BG extracts to Sprague Dawley rats fed with high-cholesterol diet ameliorated hypercholesterolemia, which was mediated via modulation of cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes. This data throw a light on BG's cardioprotective effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black ginseng extract ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in rats

Saba

Jeon

Jeong

et al. 2016

Journal of Ginseng Research

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“…The effect of duration of statin treatment might play a major role on the effect of phytosterols. The mechanism of action of HMG-coA reductase inhibitor includes the inhibition of hepatic LDL-c synthesis, which leads to upregulation of LDL-R expression and leads to a compensatory increase of cholesterol absorption from the intestine [ 25 , 26 ]. The action of phytosterols should be seen clearly only if the intestinal cholesterol absorption is substantial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pravastatin, phytosterols, and combination therapy on lipid profile in HIV-infected patients: an open-labelled, randomized cross-over study

Kietsiriroje

Leelawattana

2015

BMC Res Notes

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BackgroundTo determine the effects of 40 mg of pravastatin, 2 g of phytosterols, and combination therapy on lipid profiles and to compare the reduction of LDL cholesterol between combination therapy and monotherapy.MethodsThirty-six HIV-infected patients treated with ARVs who had high LDL cholesterol levels but no current usage of any lipid-lowering agents were enrolled into the open-labelled, randomized, cross-over study. All patients were assigned randomly into one of four intervention groups: (1) pravastatin 40 mg cross-over to the combination of pravastatin 40 mg and phytosterols 2 g (combination group), (2) the combination group cross-over to pravastatin 40 mg, (3) phytosterols 2 g cross-over to the combination group, and (4) the combination group cross-over to phytosterols 2 g. Each active treatment lasted 4 weeks with a wash-out period of 4 weeks.ResultsThe baseline mean TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c levels in 36 HIV patients were 248.09 ± 34.73, 172.36 ± 125.44, 54.92 ± 16.67, and 175.13 ± 29.00 mg/dl, respectively. Pravastatin, phytosterols, and combination therapy reduced TC and LDL-c but TG and HDL-c were not significantly different from the baselines. The mean LDL-c reductions in the pravastatin, phytosterols, and the combination groups were 28.76 ± 9.32, 9.12 ± 7.84, and 27.08 ± 15.58%, respectively. The LDL-c levels in the pravastatin and combination groups were reduced more than in the phytosterols group (p < 0.01). There was no difference in the LDL-c reduction between the combination and pravastatin monotherapy groups (−25.61 ± 10.43 vs. −28.12 ± 14.07%, p = 0.555).ConclusionPravastatin had moderate potency on LDL-c lowering in HIV patients but could not bring LDL-c to goal. Adding phytosterols to pravastatin for a 4-week duration could not demonstrate any additional lipid-lowering effectTrial registration: Thai Clinical Trial Registry: TCTR20150126002 date: January 23, 2015Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1225-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…This hypothetically means that an individual with the unlikely scenario of high concentrations of both synthesis and absorption surrogate markers could have the same ratio as someone with very low values, which likely does not accurately reflect the actual biological impact of these different values. To overcome this limitation, the synthesis and absorption markers can be arranged in a Cartesian plane and related to an outcome in a third plane, as was done by Qi et al, 126 who proposed a new approach of using both absorption and synthesis markers together ( Figure 2). By taking the length of the hypotenuse of a triangle created by graphing cholesterol absorption surrogates against cholesterol synthesis surrogates, a potential overall measure of cholesterol metabolism is obtained.…”

Section: Plant Sterols/stanols As Surrogate Markers Of Cholesterol Mementioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research

et al. 2018

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Current evidence indicates that foods with added plant sterols or stanols can lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the recent findings and deliberations of 31 experts in the field who participated in a scientific meeting in Winnipeg, Canada, on the health effects of plant sterols and stanols. Participants discussed issues including, but not limited to, the health benefits of plant sterols and stanols beyond cholesterol lowering, the role of plant sterols and stanols as adjuncts to diet and drugs, and the challenges involved in measuring plant sterols and stanols in biological samples. Variations in interindividual responses to plant sterols and stanols, as well as the personalization of lipid-lowering therapies, were addressed. Finally, the clinical aspects and treatment of sitosterolemia were reviewed. Although plant sterols and stanols continue to offer an efficacious and convenient dietary approach to cholesterol management, long-term clinical trials investigating the endpoints of cardiovascular disease are still lacking.

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Association between cholesterol synthesis/absorption markers and effects of cholesterol lowering by atorvastatin among patients with high risk of coronary heart disease

Cited by 12 publications

References 38 publications

Black ginseng extract ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in rats

Black ginseng extract ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in rats

Effects of pravastatin, phytosterols, and combination therapy on lipid profile in HIV-infected patients: an open-labelled, randomized cross-over study

Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research

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