Association between Infectious Disease and Hygiene Practice on Stunting Toddler Aged 24-59 Months

Abstract

Background : Child nutrition problem is still a major health problem in Indonesia. Toddlers are a period where children experience rapid growth and development, so they need a high nutrient. The problem of malnutrition can be identified from the children’s slow growth, one of which is in terms of body length or height. A condition where a children’s length or height is not optimal is called stunting. The incidence of stunting affected by several factors, such as infectious disease and bad hygiene practices.Method : The method of this study is observational research with case control research design. The sample of this study was grouped into two, case group and control group, with the number of each group is 28 respondents. The case group was a group of toodlers with stunting ages 24 – 59 months, while the control group was a group of toodlers ages 24 – 59 months with no stunting case. The study was conducted in Bulak Banteng Public Health work area from January - May 2019. Data collection was carried out by collecting questionnaire about infectious disease and hygiene practices which were carried out by interview and observation method. Results : The result showed that there was an influence between the incidence of infectious disease (p=0,000) (OR= -3.402), and hygiene practices (p=0,000) (OR= -2.442) on stunting.Conclusion : The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant relationship between infectious diseases and hygiene practices with the incidence of stunting in toddler aged 24-59 months (in Bulak Banteng Health Center, Surabaya).

Quality of Water Sources, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Households with Stunted Children in Rural and Urban Areas in West Java

“…The second source for drinking in rural area is water from protected dug well (42.0%), this number is significantly higher than the use of protected dug well water in urban area that only counts to 15.2% (χ 2 : 8.318; p<0.01). This is similar to the findings in Surabaya where household with stunted children use refilled water or treated tap water as drinking water sources 6 . Water source that is used for cooking is as important to water used for drinking.…”

“…This shows that household with stunted children spent more money than what they earn, leaving no savings for the future or emergency situation. Low income and economic status reduce the purchasing power of household with stunted children, limiting their access to wide variety of food, health care service, and WASH facilities 6 . When looking into the proportion of expenditure for sanitation products, household with stunted children in urban area (3.9%) spent more money than household with stunted children in rural area (3.5%) although not significantly.…”

“…Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is an important factor of healthy life. Limited access to safe and improved WASH facilities have been linked into several health and nutritional conditions including stunting through several mechanism: recurring diarrhea, soil-transmitted helminth infections, and environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) 1,[5][6][7][8][9] . Poor WASH access and practice increases the probability of ingestion of microbes and helminth from environmental contamination that causes infectious disease 6 .…”

“…Limited access to safe and improved WASH facilities have been linked into several health and nutritional conditions including stunting through several mechanism: recurring diarrhea, soil-transmitted helminth infections, and environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) 1,[5][6][7][8][9] . Poor WASH access and practice increases the probability of ingestion of microbes and helminth from environmental contamination that causes infectious disease 6 . The microbes or helminth can be transmitted directly through contaminated hands or through indirect transmission from contaminated of water, soil, and foods.…”

“…At the same time, increased nutrient requirement caused by the inflammation is not fulfilled by oral intake and malabsorption caused by the infection. These conditions contribute to linear growth impairment in children with poor WASH access 6,8,10 .…”