Association between Low-Intensity Smoking and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Men

Abstract

Background: Even a small smoking amount can increase the risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The association between low-intensity smoking [<1/1-10 cigarettes per day (CPD)] and metabolic syndrome (MS) remains unknown. Methods: Overall, 4,130 men aged >18 years were recruited from the 2015-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and divided by smoking history into never smoker, former smoker, intermittent smoker (<1 CPD), light smoker (1-10 CPD), moderate smoker (11-19 CPD), and heavy smoker (≥20 CPD). We investigated the association between current smoking amount, cigarette smoking duration, and pack-year and MS and its components. The association between smoking status and MS was evaluated with logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, body mass index, house income, marital status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and comorbidity. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed a dose-response association with smoking intensity and abdominal obesity, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high triglycerides, and MS but not with high blood pressure and high fasting glucose. The smoking amount that increased the risk was different for each component but significant for intermittent smoking (high triglycerides), light smoking (low HDL cholesterol), moderate smoking (MS), and heavy smoking (abdominal obesity). Similar dose-response association was observed between pack-year and MS. Conclusions: Smoking has a dose-response association with MS but this association is inconsistent among its components. The risk of high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol may increase even with low-intensity smoking, but the association between smoking and high blood pressure and glucose is not definite.

Comparison of Tobacco Use and Cessation Behavior between Conventional Cigarette and Heated Tobacco Product Users: Based on the Analyses of the Eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019

“…In contrast to the manufacturer’s opinion, several independent researchers reported that there was a comparable level of nicotine and other additives, such as volatile materials, heavy metals, and even unknown materials, which will have an adverse effect on humans through a collection of undisclosed mechanisms [ 17 ]. Even a small amount of tobacco use can elevate the risk of cardiovascular diseases [ 18 , 19 ]; even one-cigarette smoking can affect health. Chang et al [ 20 ] reported that total mortality and cardiovascular diseases cannot be reduced even if smoking amount is reduced, meaning that the novel tobacco products still pose a detrimental effect on health in a small amount.…”

Assessment of salivary miRNA, clinical, and demographic characterization in colorectal cancer diagnosis

“…In addition, all individuals were asked whether they had a history of adenomatous polyposis or Crohn's disease, as well as a personal or family history of malignancy. Smoking status referred to current smokers who smoked at least one cigarette per day [25] .

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Evaluation of CSTB and DMBT1 expression in saliva of gastric cancer patients and controls

“…Professionals, administrators, and office clerks are categorized into the low-stress level group [ 55 ]. Smoking habit is defined as current smokers who are intermittent smoker (1 > cigarettes per day (CPD)) or light smoker (1–10 CPD), moderate smoker (11–19 CPD), or heavy smoker (20 < CPD) [ 56 ]. All participants were further requested to report a positive history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric ulcer, anemia, type of patient care (inpatient or outpatient), history of abdominal radiotherapy, frequency score (FS) for intake of vegetables/fruit, fast food, salty fish, preference score for salty taste, sour taste and spicy taste.…”