Association between metabolic parameters and risks of anemia and electrolyte disturbances among stages 3–5 chronic kidney disease patients in Taiwan

Abstract

Background Anemia and electrolyte disturbances are adverse outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study explored the association between metabolic parameters with anemia and electrolyte and mineral disorders among CKD patients in Taiwan. Methods This cross-sectional study with a total of 2176 CKD stages 3–5 patients were collected from the Department of Nephrology at Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University through the “Chronic Kidney Disease Common Care Network” database from December 2008 to April 2019. A multivariable-adjusted logistic regression expressed as odd ratios (OR) was performed to assess the association of metabolic parameters with anemia and electrolyte and mineral disorders. Results Elevated diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were associated with presence of anemia. Similarly, elevated fasting blood glucose and HbA1c were associated with hyponatremia (OR = 1.59 and 1.58, P for both < 0.01) and hypercalcemia (OR = 1.38 and 1.33, P for both < 0.05). There was no significant association in serum lipid levels with presence of anemia. However, total triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were only associated with presence of hypercalcemia (OR = 1.43, 1.95 and 3.08, respectively, P for all < 0.05). Conclusions Elevated diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and blood lipids are associated with anemia or electrolyte and mineral disorders in CKD patients.

Reproductive Consequences of Electrolyte Disturbances in Domestic Animals

“…The kidneys predominantly regulate serum chloride levels Hyperchloremia can occur due to loss as vomiting or excess water gain, such as congestive heart failure [3,8,9] Calcium (Ca 2+ ) Hypercalcemia/abnormally high calcium blood levels-primary hyperparathyroidism [1,3,7,10] Hypomagnesemiadecreases in magnesium levels in the serum, may lead to gastrointestinal disorders [1,3,6,10,11] Electrolyte balance is related to the water balance of the organism [6]. Homeostasis between water and electrolytes is needed to coordinate neural pathways, including the regulatory center in the brain responsible for thirst and thermoregulation in the hypothalamus.…”

“…Acidosis symptoms are mainly headache, sleepiness, coma, dry cough, shortness of breath, tachycardia, arrhythmia, weakness, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting [9,75]. Alkalosis occurs when there is a loss of acidity or an increase in alkalinity by extracellular fluid, then no renal excretion of HCO 3 − is observed, and the pH is above 7.45.…”

“…The water intake restores the water balance. On the other hand, consuming too much fluid leads to a reduction in osmolarity and an increase in plasma volume [ 6 , 8 , 9 ]. Total body water (TBW) is divided into extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF), of which ECF consists of three main compartments: plasma, connective tissue, and interstitial water, and ICF are the largest component [ 6 , 7 , 10 ].…”

“…Maintaining electrolyte homeostasis depends on kidney function and steroid hormones [ 9 , 10 , 20 ]. The kidneys filter the body of toxins circulating in the bloodstream, which directly regulates electrolyte balance.…”

“…The kidneys filter the body of toxins circulating in the bloodstream, which directly regulates electrolyte balance. The pathological states of this organ cause a disturbance of the entire water and electrolytes [ 9 , 28 ]. Kidney disease and dysfunction (chronic kidney disease—CKD) result in the impaired regulatory function of the kidneys, which can lead to metabolic acidosis, alkalosis, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia [ 9 , 20 ].…”