Association between Perceived Salt Intake and Arterial Stiffness

Abstract

To explore the association of perceived salt intake (SI) level with arterial stiffness in the community population in northern China. We enrolled participants who completed the health questionnaire, physical examination, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) test during 2010-2019 and divided them into <6 g (low SI), 6-10 g (medium SI), and >10 g (high SI) groups based on their daily SI. The influence of SI on baPWV was analyzed using the multivariate logistic regression model. A total of 36324 subjects, aged ( 49.10 ± 12.57 ) years with a male to female ratio of 25934 : 10390, met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled. The average baPWV was ( 1527.73 ± 355.61 ) cm/s. Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for other confounders, daily SI>10 g (high SI) was a risk factor for arterial stiffness (baPWV ≥1400 cm/s), with the odds ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 1.17 (1.04-1.31). High SI is independently associated with arterial stiffness.

The Influence of Dietary Interventions on Arterial Stiffness in Overweight and Obese Subjects

“…Thus, preventing arterial stiffness seems reasonable in improving cardiovascular health. In the literature, various nutritional interventions regarding arterial stiffness have recently been widely discussed [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , …”

“…For example, the cohort study of the Chinese population ( n = 36,324 subjects, aged 49.10 ± 12.57 years) analyzed the influence of various amounts of sodium intake (low sodium <6 g, medium 6–10 g, and high >10 g daily) on arterial stiffness. The high sodium intake (>10 g/day) revealed a deleterious effect on arterial stiffness (baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/s) [ 105 ]. Conversely, reduced sodium intake decreases blood pressure and alleviates arterial stiffness.…”

Factors influencing normal blood pressure maintenance in young adults

“…Salt intake was assessed using a questionnaire survey; participants were asked to evaluate their salt intake and classify their daily habitual salt intake as low, moderate, or high. Previous cohort studies have confirmed that the 24‐h urinary sodium excretion corresponding to low, moderate, and high salt intake are <6 g, 6–10 g, and >10 g, respectively 13–16 . Physical activity was defined as the frequency of physical activity during leisure time (≥30 min/time, ≥3 times/week).…”

“…Previous cohort studies have confirmed that the 24‐h urinary sodium excretion corresponding to low, moderate, and high salt intake are <6 g, 6–10 g, and >10 g, respectively. 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 Physical activity was defined as the frequency of physical activity during leisure time (≥30 min/time, ≥3 times/week). The occupation category was defined as (1) blue collar and (2) white collar.…”

Retracted: Association between Perceived Salt Intake and Arterial Stiffness

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process.…”