Association between periodontitis and risk of Alzheimer′s disease, mild cognitive impairment and subjective cognitive decline: A case–control study

Abstract

Aims To test the hypothesis that periodontal disease contributes to increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and Alzheimer′s disease (AD). Materials and methods This case–control study was conducted over a 3‐year period in the municipality of Huddinge, Sweden. In total, 154 cases were consecutively enrolled from the Karolinska Memory Clinic at the Karolinska University Hospital and allotted to three diagnostic groups: AD, MCI and SCD, collectively referred to as “cases.” Seventy‐six cognitively healthy age‐ and gender‐matched controls were randomly sampled through the Swedish population register. All cases and controls underwent clinical and radiographic oral examinations. Statistical analysis was based on logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Results Poor oral health and marginal alveolar bone loss were more prevalent among cases than among controls. The cases group was associated with generalized marginal alveolar bone loss (odds ratio [OR] = 5.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14–29.68), increased number of deep periodontal pockets (OR = 8.43; CI 4.00–17.76) and dental caries (OR = 3.36; CI 1.20–9.43). Conclusion The results suggest that marginal periodontitis is associated with early cognitive impairment and AD. However, the study design does not preclude noncausal explanations.

Oral health care for patients with Alzheimer's disease: An update

“…Recently, some reports have focused on possible association among oral health‐related factors, such as periodontal disease and tooth loss, and Alzheimer's disease progression . Although some clinical and molecular studies have reported on these statistical associations, causative relationships have not been demonstrated . A recent study, however, have done an initial step toward proving causative relationship between P. gingivalis infection and Alzheimer's disease, as stated earlier in the Etiology section of the present manuscript …”

“…81 Although some clinical and molecular studies have reported on these statistical associations, 82,83 causative relationships have not been demonstrated. 81,83 A recent study, however, have done an initial step toward proving causative relationship between P. gingivalis infection and Alzheimer's disease, as stated earlier in the Etiology section of the present manuscript. 34…”

Periodontitis and systemic markers of neurodegeneration: A case–control study

“…In the last decades, human periodontitis and its ultimate sequel (i.e. tooth loss) have been associated with cognitive decline/impairment in patients with AD (Holmer, Eriksdotter, Schultzberg, Pussinen, & Buhlin, ; Ide et al, ; Takeuchi et al, ). A recent meta‐analysis of observational studies showed that subjects diagnosed with periodontitis have a 1.6‐fold increased risk of developing AD (Leira et al, ).…”

Periodontal Condition Is Correlated with Deep and Subcortical White Matter Hyperintensity Lesions in Japanese Adults

“…A cross-sectional study showed that severe periodontitis was an independent predictor for early-onset poststroke depression status [6]. A case-control study demonstrated that mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive decline, and AD were associated with increased numbers of deep periodontal pockets (OR = 8.43; 95% CI = 4.00-17.76) [26]. A cohort study reported that patients with 10 years of chronic periodontitis exposure had a higher risk of developing AD than the unexposed groups (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.707; 95% CI = 1.152-2.528) [8].…”