Association between Remnant Cholesterol and Verbal Learning and Memory Function in the Elderly in the US

Abstract

Background The relationship between remnant cholesterol (RC) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk has been given increasing attention in recent years. However, its association with verbal learning and memory performance has not been reported. Methods Data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 database. Participants aged ≥ 60 years with available fasting lipid data were included. Verbal learning and memory performance were evaluated using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word List Memory Task (CERAD-WL) subtest. The CERAD total score was calculated as the mean of three immediate recalls and a delayed recall. RC was calculated as total cholesterol (TC) minus the sum of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between RC, as well as its derived marker, the TC/RC ratio, and age-stratified quartiles of the CERAD total score. Results A total of 1377 participants were analysed. On a continuous scale, a 1 mmol/L increase in RC and a 1 unit increase in the TC/RC ratio were associated with multivariable adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.74 (0.58–0.94) and 1.45 (1.13–1.87), respectively, for having a CERAD total score in a higher quartile. On a categorical scale, higher RC quartiles were associated with having a CERAD total score in a lower quartile; in contrast, the higher TC/RC quartile was associated with having a CERAD total score in a higher quartile, with all P for trend < 0.05. Conclusions The study suggests that lower RC levels and a higher TC/RC ratio are associated with better verbal learning and memory function, which indicates that lowering RC levels could be beneficial for preventing cognitive impairment in the elderly. Further research is needed to validate the causal roles of RC and the TC/RC ratio in cognition.