Association between sitting/lying down, standing, walking time and number of steps per day with the hormonal profile and resting energy expenditure of women with obesity living in a low-income region

Abstract

Reducing sedentary behaviour (SB) and increasing physical activity (PA) by sitting less and standing/walking more is advised to prevent chronic diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying this recommendation are not well-established, especially in individuals with obesity living in low-income regions. The present study evaluated whether there are associations between PA indicators (PAI – standing time, walking time, and the number of steps/day) and SB indicators (SBI - sitting/lying down time) with the hormonal profile and resting energy expenditure (REE) of adult women living in a low-income region. This is a cross-sectional study. We collected data on hormones (insulin resistance, leptin, and thyroid axis), body composition (tetrapolar bioimpedance), REE (indirect calorimetry), and PAI and SBI (triaxial accelerometers, ActivPAL). Multivariable linear models adjusting for age and fat-free mass were performed. Fifty-eight women (mean age of 31 years and body mass index of 33 kg/m2) were included. The mean sitting/lying down time and standing time were 16.08 and 5.52 h/day, respectively. Sitting/lying down time showed a direct association with free thyroxine (FT4) (β = 0.56 ng/dL; 95%CI = −1.10; −0.02). Standing time showed a direct association with FT4 (β = 0.75 ng/dL; 95% CI = 0.01; 1.48) and inverse association with free triiodothyronine (β = −2.83 pg/mL 95%CI = −5.56; −0.10). There were no associations between PAI and SBI with the REE, insulin resistance, leptin and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thus, decreased SB is associated with thyroid hormones levels but not with REE, insulin resistance or leptin in women with obesity living in low-income regions.

Associations between Objectively Determined Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Health in Adult Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Publication dates ranged from 2001 to 2021. Out of 23 studies, 14 studies were cross-sectional designs [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ] and 9 were interventional studies [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ] (random experiment: 5 [ 51 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 57 ] and non-random experiment: 4 [ 50 , 53 , 55 , 58 ]). Intervention length ranged from 1 week [ 55 ] to 24 months [ 37 ].…”

“…The total sample size was 2105, ranging from 10 [ 55 ] to 535 [ 42 ] participants. The mean age ranged from 21.4 [ 50 ] to 62.8 years [ 49 ], with 8 studies [ 36 , 38 , 39 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 50 ] focused on the young and 10 studies focused on the middle-aged [ 37 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 49 , 51 , 52 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. There were 11 studies that reported menstrual status, with 4 including post-menstruation [ 37 , 49 , 52 , 56 ], 5 including pre-menstruation [ 38 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 45 ], and 2 including both [ 57 , 58 ].…”

“…The mean age ranged from 21.4 [ 50 ] to 62.8 years [ 49 ], with 8 studies [ 36 , 38 , 39 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 50 ] focused on the young and 10 studies focused on the middle-aged [ 37 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 49 , 51 , 52 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. There were 11 studies that reported menstrual status, with 4 including post-menstruation [ 37 , 49 , 52 , 56 ], 5 including pre-menstruation [ 38 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 45 ], and 2 including both [ 57 , 58 ]. Moreover, there were 11 studies focused on overweight/obese females [ 36 , 37 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 58 ]; 10 studies included physically inactive participants [ 37 , 46 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ,…”

“…There were 11 studies that reported menstrual status, with 4 including post-menstruation [ 37 , 49 , 52 , 56 ], 5 including pre-menstruation [ 38 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 45 ], and 2 including both [ 57 , 58 ]. Moreover, there were 11 studies focused on overweight/obese females [ 36 , 37 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 58 ]; 10 studies included physically inactive participants [ 37 , 46 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]; 12 studies reported smoking status, with 5 including non-smokers [ 41 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 ], 4 reporting on participants that refrained from tobacco in the last 6 months [ 39 , 47 , 48 , 51 ], and 3 studies including mostly non-smokers (60–83%) [ 36 , 42 , 44 ]. Education level was reported in 4 studies [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 50 ], and social-economic levels were presented as low-income in 4 stud...…”

“…The included studies were conducted in eight countries. There were 3 studies [ 50 , 56 , 57 ] that included a sample from Asia (i.e., Japan and UAE), 2 from Europe (i.e., Italy and Poland), 13 studies [ 36 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 58 ] from North America (i.e., USA), 3 studies [ 37 , 38 , 43 ] from South America (i.e., Brazil), and 2 studies [ 45 , 54 ] from Oceania (i.e., New Zealand and Australia). The race reported in the studies included Caucasian, Asian, Latina, African American, Hispanic, Pacific, Mexican American, European.…”