Association between weekly exercise minutes and resting IL-6 in adults with chronic spinal cord injury: findings from the fracture risk after spinal cord injury exercise study

Park, Andrew; Ryder, Stephanie; Sevigny, Mitch; Monden, Kimberley R.; Battaglino, Ricardo A.; Nguyen, Nguyen; Goldstein, Richard; Morse, Leslie R.

doi:10.1038/s41393-022-00833-7

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…15 Although the mechanism is not completely understood, it is thought that this results in a smoldering inflammatory cascade promoting neutrophil and macrophage activation as well as self-reactive lymphocytes and autoantibodies. 14,[72][73][74][75] There are other chronic inflammatory changes after SCI, such as persistently elevated C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels. [72][73][74][75][76][77] This chronic inflammatory state is exacerbated by the loss of innervation to the lymphatic and endocrine systems below the lesion level.…”

Section: Sci-specific Mechanisms That May Be Related To Cvd Risk Chro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,[72][73][74][75] There are other chronic inflammatory changes after SCI, such as persistently elevated C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels. [72][73][74][75][76][77] This chronic inflammatory state is exacerbated by the loss of innervation to the lymphatic and endocrine systems below the lesion level. 14 Another contributor to inflammation is development of abdominal adipose tissue, which secretes proinflammatory adipokines and cytokines.…”

Section: Sci-specific Mechanisms That May Be Related To Cvd Risk Chro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review

et al. 2023

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More than 16 000 Americans experience spinal cord injury (SCI), resulting in chronic disability and other secondary sequelae, each year. Improvements in acute medical management have increased life expectancy. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in this population, and seems to occur earlier in individuals with SCI compared with the general population. People with SCI experience a high burden of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, including dyslipidemia and diabetes, and demonstrate anatomic, metabolic, and physiologic changes alongside stark reductions in physical activity after injury. They also experience multiple, complex barriers to care relating to disability and, in many cases, compounding effects of intersecting racial and socioeconomic health inequities. Given this combination of risk factors, some investigators have proposed that people with SCI are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, beyond that associated with traditional risk factors, and SCI could be considered a risk-enhancing factor, analogous to other risk-enhancing factors defined by the 2019 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Primary Prevention Guidelines. However, more research is needed in this population to clarify the role of traditional risk factors, novel risk factors, health care access, social determinants of health, and intersectionality of disability, race, and socioeconomic status. There is an urgent need for primary care physicians and cardiologists to have awareness of the importance of timely diagnosis and management of cardiac risk factors for people with SCI.

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Section: Sci-specific Mechanisms That May Be Related To Cvd Risk Chro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sci-specific Mechanisms That May Be Related To Cvd Risk Chro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review

et al. 2023

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Spinal cord injury and risk of overall and type specific cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis

Luo,

Wu,

Cheng

2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a growing concern among people with spinal cord injury (SCI). This meta-analysis aims to explore the risk of overall CVD and specific types of cardiovascular events among SCI patients. Methods This meta-analysis is registered on PROSPERO (CRD CRD42024537888). The data sources comprised PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and reference lists of the included studies. The literature collection span is from database establishment until April 17, 2024. This meta-analysis encompassed observational studies investigating the association between SCI and the risk of overall types of CVD or specific CVD types. Risk of bias was evaluated utilizing the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Scale. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were aggregated using a random-effects model. Results Our initial search generated 5357 relevant records form these international databases. This meta-analysis encompassed 9 observational studies involving 2,282,691 individuals, comprising 193,045 patients with SCI and 2,209,646 controls. We observed a 1.56-fold [OR = 1.56, 95% CI (1.43, 1.70), I2 = 91.3%, P < 0.001] rise in the risk of overall types of CVD among SCI patients, with a 1.82-fold increase in males and a 1.76-fold increase in females. SCI patients without comorbidities exhibited a 2.10-fold elevated risk of overall CVD types, while those with comorbidities had a 1.48-fold increased risk. Concerning specific CVD types, SCI patients showed a 1.58-fold [OR = 1.57, 95% CI (1.22, 2.03), I2 = 92.4%] higher risk of myocardial infarction, a 1.52-fold [OR = 1.52, 95% CI (1.07, 2.16), I2 = 88.7%] increase in atrial fibrillation, a 1.64-fold [OR = 1.64, 95% CI (1.22, 2.20), I2 = 95.5%] elevation in heart failure risk, and 2.38-fold [OR = 2.38, 95% CI (1.29, 4.40), I2 = 92.5%] increments in stroke risk. But there was no statistically significant difference in the risk of hypertension [OR = 1.54, 95% CI (0.98, 2.42), I2 = 96.6%]. Conclusions The risk of overall CVD in SCI patients surpassed that of the non-SCI control group, with elevated risks of specific cardiovascular events like myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and stroke. Clinicians should prioritize awareness of CVD risks in SCI patients.

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Association between weekly exercise minutes and resting IL-6 in adults with chronic spinal cord injury: findings from the fracture risk after spinal cord injury exercise study

Cited by 2 publications

References 30 publications

Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review

Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review

Spinal cord injury and risk of overall and type specific cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis

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