Association of Intestinal Microbiota with Metabolic Markers and Dietary Habits in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Background/Aims: Evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota, along with factors such as diet and host genetics, contributes to obesity, metabolic dysfunction and diabetes. Therefore, we examined the relationship between gut microbiota, blood metabolic markers, dietary habits and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Dietary habits, blood and fecal samples from 59 T2DM patients were recruited, and the association of intestinal microbiota with metabolic markers and dietary habits was analyzed. Results: Total energy intake was 1,692 ± 380 kcal/day. Carbohydrate, fat and protein intakes were 57.5 ± 5.2, 23.2 ± 5.3 and 13.2 ± 2.2%, respectively. Dietary habits - high carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake - were associated with increased counts of Clostridium clusters IV and XI and decreased counts of Bifidobacterium spp., order Lactobacillales and Clostridium cluster IV. Protein intake was negatively correlated with fecal acetate and total SCFAs. Total SCFAs, propionate and acetate were negatively correlated with blood insulin levels and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance. Conclusion: Diets low in protein and carbohydrates favor a healthy gut microbiome and improve glucose tolerance in T2DM patients, although further elucidation of the role of the gut microbiome could lead to better therapies and prophylaxes.

Potential Impact of Metabolic and Gut Microbial Response to Pregnancy and Lactation in Lean and Diet‐Induced Obese Rats on Offspring Obesity Risk

“…In humans, for example, high‐fat and high‐carbohydrate diets are associated with increased C . cluster XI and decreased bifidobacteria and lactobacilli abundance, all of which were observed in the present study in the obese dams. Moreover, bifidobacteria are considered to be primary colonizers of the infant gut, the most prevalent component of infant fecal microbiota, and critical determinants of infant health .…”

Gut Microbiota Interacts with Markers of Adipose Tissue Browning, Insulin Action and Plasma Acetate in Morbid Obesity

“…Acetate seems to exert a crucial role in brown adipocyte differentiation through the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to increased oxygen consumption rate in white and brown adipocytes and skeletal muscle from Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty rats; and increased browning of SAT in parallel to increased insulin sensitivity in mice . Acetate administration also resulted in increased expression of browning genes (PRDM16, UCP1, and DIO2) in 3T3‐L1 cells and in white adipose tissue from obese diabetic KK‐A y mice in parallel to increased whole‐body oxygen consumption, leading to enhanced fat oxidation …”

Significance of Microbiota in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases and the Modulatory Potential by Medicinal Plant and Food Ingredients

“…Scientists were focused mainly on finding a novel pathogenic bacteria residing in the gut as an underlying cause of illnesses and as a target for drug development (Eggerth and Gagnon, 1933; Dalton, 1951; Walther and Millwood, 1951). In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in this area of research, and the focus has been shifted toward identifying microbial composition of the human gut microbiota (Figure 1), the factors altering this composition, and relating it to the pathogenesis of some diseases such as diabetes (Yamaguchi et al, 2016), autism (Berding and Donovan, 2016), obesity (Valsecchi et al, 2016), and other disorders (Gondalia et al, 2012; Baothman et al, 2016). In this review, we discuss the current advances in human gut microbiota, specifically their identity and diversity within the gastrointestinal tract of healthy adults as well as their contribution to metabolic diseases.…”