Association of Xerostomia and Assessment of Salivary Flow Using Modified Schirmer Test among Smokers and Healthy Individuals: A Preliminutesary Study

Objectives: We investigated the existence of any connection between smoking and sublingual varices (SLV) in the older population. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2019 on adults > 65 years old at Kahrizak Charity Nursing Home, Alborz, Iran. We conducted clinical examination and inspection of 222 elderly patients. Both the case group and control group contained the same number of patients (n = 111). SLV were classified as grade 0 (few or none visible) and grade 1 (moderate or severe). The case group included patients with SLV and the control group consisted of those older adults without SLV and who were matched with the case group based on age, gender, blood pressure, denture wearing, and varicose veins in their legs. Cigarette smoking habits were investigated in both groups. Smokers were considered those who smoked at least one cigarette per day for more than six months. Chi-square and odds ratio (OR) were used to statistically analyze the exposure of participants to smoking in both groups. Results: Among 222 participants, 21.6% and 5.4% were smokers in the case and control groups, respectively. The results of our data analysis revealed that SLV were significantly associated with smoking (p < 0.001, OR = 4). Conclusions: Elderly patients with SLV are more likely to be cigarette smokers. Therefore, cigarette smoking cessation programs are recommended for older adults in society.

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“…The criteria for being a smoker was to smoke at least one cigarette per day for more than six months. 19 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Smoking and Sublingual Varices in the Elderly

Barzideh¹,

Alaee²,

Azizi³

2021

Oman Med J

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“…The second main cause are diseases like Sjogren’s syndrome [27,28], diabetes [29,30,31], depression [32,33], anemia [34], bulimia [35] and genetic disorders (i.e., Down syndrome [36], Prader–Willi syndrome [37]). Problems with the dry mouth were also observed in alcoholics [38], cigarette smokers [39] and drug addicts [40,41,42,43]. The third main cause is radiation therapy of patients that develop cancer in head and neck area [44,45,46,47].…”

Section: Xerostomia: Etiology Of Salivary Glands Dysfunctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Saliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Xerostomia

Łysik

Niemirowicz-Laskowska

Bucki

et al. 2019

IJMS

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The chronic sensation of a dry mouth is a disease condition called xerostomia and affects a large part of the population. Xerostomia is associated with decreased secretion, or more often, qualitative changes in saliva proteins and immunoglobulin concentrations that develop as a result of salivary gland dysfunction. Several reasons causing dry mouth were described, and usually, they include taking medications, diseases or radiotherapy. In some situations, when it is difficult to use salivary stimulants or salivary gland damage is irreversible, the only option might seem to be saliva substitutes. The paper presents the most important aspects considering saliva preparations. The rheological and lubricating properties and the reconstruction of the complex saliva structure has been the main purpose of research. The biological properties of saliva preparations were also widely discussed. As part of the work, the antimicrobial effect of three commercial saliva preparations was tested. Finally, inadequate antimicrobial properties against the strains isolated from the oral cavity were demonstrated. The development of salivary substitutes, in particular, the improvement of antimicrobial properties, can be achieved using nanotechnology, including drug delivery systems containing nanocarriers.

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“…When salivary functions are reduced there may be severe oral health consequences like xerostomia, changes in salivary composition, difficulty in mastication, dysphagia, dysphasia, dysgeusia/hypogeusia, oral microbiota alterations, and increased decay and periodontal disease susceptibility 17,18 . Not every individual who presents reduced SFR reports xerostomia, and vice-versa 19,20 . Sialometry is a non-invasive, low-costing, quick and easy test for quantifying SFR.…”

Section: Minor Salivary Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs or disease: evaluating salivary function in RA patients

et al. 2016

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Oral complications of RA may include temporomandibular joint disorders, mucosa alterations and symptoms of dry mouth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary gland function of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comparing it to healthy controls. Subjects with other systemic conditions known to affect salivary functions were excluded. A questionnaire was applied for the evaluation of xerostomia. Resting and chewing-stimulated salivary flow rates (SFR) were obtained under standard conditions. There were 145 subjects included of the study (104 RA and 38 controls). About 66.7% of the RA subjects and 2.4% in control group presented xerostomia. The median resting SFR were 0.24 ml/min for RA subjects and 0.40 mL/min for controls (p = 0.04). The median stimulated SFR were 1.31 mL/min for RA subjects and 1.52 ml/min for controls (p = 0.33). No significant differences were found between resting and stimulated SFR of RA subjects not using xerogenic medications and controls. There was significantly higher number of subjects presenting hyposalivation in the RA group than among controls, even when subjects using xerogenic medications were eliminated from the analysis. In conclusion, hyposalivation and xerostomia were more frequent among RA subjects not using xerogenic medication than among controls, although there were no significant differences in the median SFR between groups.

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Association of Xerostomia and Assessment of Salivary Flow Using Modified Schirmer Test among Smokers and Healthy Individuals: A Preliminutesary Study

Abstract: Xerostomia symptoms with significant reduction in unstimulated whole mouth salivary flow were associated with long term smoking.

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

The Relationship between Smoking and Sublingual Varices in the Elderly

The Relationship between Smoking and Sublingual Varices in the Elderly

Artificial Saliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Xerostomia

Drugs or disease: evaluating salivary function in RA patients

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