Associations between cigarette smoking and cannabis dependence: A longitudinal study of young cannabis users in the United Kingdom

Hindocha, Chandni; Shaban, Natacha D C; Freeman, Tom P.; Das, Ravi; Gale, Grace; Schäfer, Gráinne; Falconer, Caroline J.; Morgan, Celia J. A.; Curran, H. Valerie

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.004

Cited by 101 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The comparatively rarer outcomes of tobacco dependence, other drug use and other drug dependence were found to be associated with increased speed of progression to cannabis dependence. The use of both tobacco and cannabis has been frequently observed (Agrawal et al, 2012, 2010; Hindocha et al, 2015), and regular cigarette smokers are more likely to report earlier cannabis use opportunity (Agrawal et al, 2013). Present results strongly supported this finding, and extend it to show weekly tobacco use and dependence were significantly associated with speed of progression to cannabis dependence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Onset of opportunity to use cannabis and progression from opportunity to dependence: Are influences consistent across transitions?

Hines

Morley

Strang

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background There is a developing body of research looking at cannabis use opportunity, but little research examining timing of opportunity to use cannabis. Aims Identify factors associated with 1) earlier opportunity to use cannabis and 2) faster progression from opportunity to cannabis dependence. Method Cross-sectional study of 3824 Australian twins and siblings, measuring age of onset of cannabis use opportunity and DSM-IV cannabis dependence. Survival analysis identified factors associated with faster progression to opportunity or dependence. Results Factors associated with both speed of progression to opportunity and dependence were conduct disorder (opportunity HR 5.57, 95%CI 1.52–20.47; dependence HR 2.49, 95%CI 1.91–3.25), parental drug problems (opportunity HR 7.29, 95%CI 1.74–30.62; dependence HR 3.30, 95%CI 1.63–6.69), weekly tobacco use (opportunity HR 8.57, 95%CI 3.93–18.68; dependence HR 2.76, 95% CI 2.10–3.64), and female gender (opportunity HR 0.69, 95%CI 0.64–0.75; dependence HR 0.44, 95%CI 0.34–0.55). Frequent childhood religious attendance (HR 0.74, 95%CI 0.68–0.80), parental conflict (HR 1.09, 95%CI 1.00–1.18), parental alcohol problems (HR 1.19, 95%CI 1.08–1.30) and childhood sexual abuse (HR 1.17, 95%CI 1.01–1.34) were uniquely associated with transition to opportunity. Depressive episode (HR 1.44, 95%CI 1.12–1.85), tobacco dependence (HR 1.36, 95%CI 1.04 – 1.78), alcohol dependence (HR 2.64, 95%CI 1.53–4.58), other drug use (HR 2.10, 95%CI 1.64–2.69) and other drug dependence (HR 2.75, 95%CI 1.70–4.43) were uniquely associated with progression to dependence. Conclusion The profile of factors associated with opportunity to use cannabis and dependence only partially overlaps, suggesting targeting of interventions may benefit from being tailored to the stages of drug use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Onset of opportunity to use cannabis and progression from opportunity to dependence: Are influences consistent across transitions?

Hines

Morley

Strang

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…It is very common for cannabis users to present with other substance use problems, most notably those related to use of tobacco. In fact, most cannabis users also smoke tobacco (Badiani 2015), and smoking tobacco may potentiate cannabis dependence (Hindocha 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder

Gates¹,

Sabioni

Copeland

et al. 2016

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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“…Cannabis use has been associated with an increased risk of nicotine dependence and greater nicotine dependence severity among co-users (Agrawal et al, 2008; Okoli et al, 2008). Tobacco use has been associated with increased risk of cannabis use and progression to the development of cannabis dependence (Agrawal et al, 2009) and has been shown to mediate the relationship between cannabis use and dependence (Hindocha et al, 2015). Third, co-users of tobacco and cannabis may have worse cessation outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco use during cannabis cessation: Use patterns and impact on abstinence in a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study

McClure

Baker

Sonne

et al. 2018

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background: It is common for cannabis users to also use tobacco. While data suggest that tobacco users have more difficulty achieving cannabis cessation, secondary analyses of clinical trial data sets may provide insight into the moderating variables contributing to this relationship, as well as changes in tobacco use during cannabis treatment. Those were the aims of this secondary analysis. Methods: The parent study was a multi-site trial of N-acetylcysteine for cannabis dependence conducted within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. Participants were treatment-seeking adults (ages 18–50) who met criteria for cannabis dependence (N=302). For cigarette smokers (n=117), tobacco use was assessed via timeline follow-back and nicotine dependence was assessed via the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Outcome measures included: 1) changes in tobacco use based on treatment assignment, nicotine dependence, and concurrent cannabis reduction/abstinence, and 2) independent associations between nicotine dependence and cannabis abstinence. Results: Cigarette smokers accounted for 39% of the sample (117/302), with a median FTND score of 3.0 (10-point scale). Among those with lower baseline nicotine dependence scores, cigarette smoking was reduced in the active treatment group compared to placebo. Those with moderate/high levels of nicotine dependence showed slight increases in smoking following active treatment. Nicotine dependence did not affect cannabis cessation. Conclusions: Cigarette smoking during cannabis treatment was affected, but depended on baseline nicotine dependence severity, though dependence levels did not impact cannabis abstinence. Interventions that address both tobacco and cannabis are needed, especially due to an increasing prevalence of cannabis use.

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Associations between cigarette smoking and cannabis dependence: A longitudinal study of young cannabis users in the United Kingdom

Cited by 101 publications

References 48 publications

Onset of opportunity to use cannabis and progression from opportunity to dependence: Are influences consistent across transitions?

Onset of opportunity to use cannabis and progression from opportunity to dependence: Are influences consistent across transitions?

Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder

Tobacco use during cannabis cessation: Use patterns and impact on abstinence in a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study

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