“…This type of assay can utilize the strong absorption and light scattering properties of GNPs that were described above. GNPs have extinction coefficients that are >1,000 times higher than organic dyes, and the colorimetric changes display high sensitivity (Niu et al, 2014) and can often be detected by the naked eye (Bui, Ahmed, & Abbas, 2015;Du et al, 2018;Kim et al, 2018;Li et al, 2018). In order to achieve specificity toward foodborne pathogens of interest, targeting moieties such as antibodies (Bui et al, 2015), oligonucleotides (Du et al, 2018), or aptamers (Kim et al, 2018;Ma, Song, Zhou, Xia, & Wang, 2017;Niu et al, 2014) can be conjugated to the surfaces of GNPs.…”