“…The modification of insect host innate immunity parameters under the effect of asynchrony has been reported to be one of the mechanisms that drives insect susceptibility to baculoviruses (Martemyanov, Pavlushin, Dubovskiy, Yushkova, et al., ). In addition, dramatic changes in leaf quality during the first 20 days of development have been suggested to represent the main mode of action of asynchrony on insect antiviral immunity (Chernyak et al., ; Martemyanov, Pavlushin, Dubovskiy, Yushkova, et al., ). However, the effect of asynchrony on insect bacterial diseases, such as intestinal bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis , which is widely used for the pest management (Garczynski & Siegel, ), remains unclear because different insect immune parameters are affected in different ways by the same trophic factor (Martemyanov, Dubovskiy, Belousova, et al., ; Martemyanov, Dubovskiy, Rantala, et al., ; Martemyanov et al., ; Martemyanov, Pavlushin, Dubovskiy, Belousova et al., ).…”