At least as safe as manned shipping? Autonomous shipping, safety and “human error”

Porathe, Thomas; Hoem, Åsa Snilstveit; Rødseth, Ørnulf Jan; Fjørtoft, Kay Endre; Johnsen, Stig Ole

doi:10.1201/9781351174664-52

Cited by 71 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…"normality bias" and "confirmation bias." (Porathe et al, 2018). With this, together with other human shortcomings like fatigue, an inclination towards short-cuts, and sometimes sheer violations, the risk is that the list of potential interaction problems between human and machine guided navigation will be long.…”

Section: Rule 19 Restricted Visibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) and the COLREGS: Do We Need Quantified Rules Or Is “the Ordinary Practice of Seamen” Specific Enough?

Porathe¹

2019

TransNav

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Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is currently on the agenda in several countries and also in the IMO. In Norway a 120 TEU container feeder is being build and will start sailing autonomously in 2022. The challenge is huge. One question is whether or not the present, quantitative, collision regulations needs to be updated to rules where expressions as "early" and "substantial" are quantified? Or if ships can sail autonomously under the present rules? Another question is if MASS should be marked to signal that the ship is in autonomous mode? Or if it is enough that she follows COLREGS? This discussion paper will take a closer look at these questions and advocate automation transparency, meaning that the behavior of an autonomous vessel has to make sense and be understandable to human operators on other manned ships and crafts. http://www.transnav.eu the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation Volume 13 Number 3

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Section: Rule 19 Restricted Visibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) and the COLREGS: Do We Need Quantified Rules Or Is “the Ordinary Practice of Seamen” Specific Enough?

Porathe¹

2019

TransNav

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“…Precautionary perspective is necessary in research and development. Porathe et al (2018) includes a fictive story that predicts a possible future scenario in one of the Norwegian fjords and provides a forecast of the risk picture in the maritime industry.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Full-autonomy the Way to Go Towards Maximizing the Ocean Potentials?

Zghyer¹,

Ostnes²,

Halse³

2019

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Growth prospects for ocean economy are promising because ocean industries are addressing challenges such as food security, energy security and climate change. However, safety and efficiency are the general challenges of ocean operations. Increased automation is believed to solve these problems. This paper discusses the impact of automation on safety and efficiency. A literature review of 'Human factors' mainly from the aviation and maritime industries is presented to untangle the human-machine relationship characteristics when increased automation is introduced to operators. A literature review of Hydrodynamics, Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) technologies is presented to introduce the state-of-art and associated limitations. It is concluded that, if the industry's drive is safety and efficiency, then full-autonomy is, at present, not the way to go. Remote control, instead, could facilitate a feasible future, while focused research and development are in need.

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“…As also pointed out by Porathe, Hoem, & Johnsen (2018), ships do not really have a generally safe state. In the concept presented in Laurinen (2016), a fallback strategy is provided as a set of instructions to be executed, if necessary.…”

Section: Engineering Foundationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Safety Verification for Autonomous Ships

2019

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Autonomous and unmanned ships are approaching reality. One of several unsolved challenges related to these systems is how to perform safety verification. Although this challenge represents a many-faceted problem, which must be addressed at several levels, it seems likely that simulatorbased testing of high-level computer control systems will be an important technique. In the field of reliability verification and testing, design verification refers to the process of verifying that specified functions are satisfied over the life of a system. A basic requirement for any autonomous ship is that it has to be safe. In this paper, we propose to use the Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to (i) derive potential loss scenarios for autonomous ships and safety requirements to prevent them from occurring, and (ii) to develop a safety verification program, including test cases, intended to verify safety. Loss scenarios and associated safety requirements are derived using STPA. To derive a safety verification program, these unsafe scenarios and safety requirements are used to identify key variables, verification objectives, acceptance criteria and a set of suitable verification activities related to each scenario. The paper describes the proposed methodology and demonstrates it in a case study. Test cases for simulator-based testing and practical sea-trials are derived for autonomous ships. The case study shows that the proposed method is feasible as a way of generating a holistic safety verification program for autonomous ships.

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At least as safe as manned shipping? Autonomous shipping, safety and “human error”

Cited by 71 publications

References 7 publications

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) and the COLREGS: Do We Need Quantified Rules Or Is “the Ordinary Practice of Seamen” Specific Enough?

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) and the COLREGS: Do We Need Quantified Rules Or Is “the Ordinary Practice of Seamen” Specific Enough?

Is Full-autonomy the Way to Go Towards Maximizing the Ocean Potentials?

Safety Verification for Autonomous Ships

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