Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) require increased dietary levels of B-vitamins when fed diets with high inclusion of plant based ingredients

Abstract

Aiming to re-evaluate current recommendations for nutrient supplementations when Atlantic salmon are fed diets based on plant ingredients, two regression experiments, with parr and post-smolt, were conducted. A control diet was included to evaluate if ingredients supplied sufficient nutrients without any added nutrient package (NP). The nutrient package consisted of vitamins B, C, E, minerals, cholesterol, methionine, taurine and histidine. This paper focus on B-vitamins. In parr, growth, health and welfare parameters responded on NP additions, but this was not observed in the seawater stage. During three months of feeding, parr tripled their weight. Parr given diets added the NP above NRC (2011) showed improved protein retention, and reduced liver and viscera indices. Post-smolt fed the same diets during five months showed a doubling of weight, but did not respond to the variation in NP to the same extent as parr. Significant regressions were obtained in body compartments for several of the B-vitamins in the premix. Whole body biotin concentration was unaffected by micronutrient premix level, and mRNA expression of the enzymes dependent of biotin showed only weak increases with increased biotin. Muscle thiamine plateaued at a diet level similar to NRC (2011) recommendation in freshwater, and showed stable values independent on premix addition in seawater. The mRNA expression of the enzyme G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) is sensitive to thiamine availability; results did not indicate any need to add thiamine above levels recommended for fish in general. Niacin showed a steady increase in whole body concentrations as feed niacin increased. Muscle riboflavin peaked at a diet level of 12.4 mg kg−1. Sufficient riboflavin is important to avoid e.g., development of cataract. Cataract was not registered to be any problem, neither in fresh- nor in seawater. Cobalamin (B 12) in muscle and liver was saturated at 0.17 mg kg−1 diet. Muscle pyridoxine showed a dose-dependent level in muscle, and peaked around 10 mg kg −1 diet. White muscle ASAT (asparagine amino transferase) activity steadily increased, with indications of stable values when dietary pyridoxine was around 10–16 mg kg −1 diet. Pantothenic acid increased in gill tissue up to a level of 5.5 mg kg −1 soft gill tissue; at a dietary level of 22 mg kg−1. Improved performance, and coverage of metabolic need for niacin was at a dietary level of 66 mg kg −1, riboflavin 10–12 mg kg−1, pyridoxine 10 mg kg−1 and panthotenic acid 22 mg kg−1. Based on these results, recommended B-vitamin supplementation in plant based diets for Atlantic salmon should be adjusted.

Antioxidant nutrition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt, fed diets with high inclusion of plant ingredients and graded levels of micronutrients and selected amino acids

“…Fish performance is reported in detail by Hemre et al (2016). Briefly, fish in Trial 1 grew from an initial weight of 18.3 g (± 2.2) to a range of 78.6 g (± 1.9) to 87.3 g (± 4.5).…”

“…There was a slight positive correlation between NP addition and Hb concentration in fish from Trial 1 (p (slope = 0) = 0.03) (Hemre et al, 2016), however, the slope was not significantly different from 0 after omitting the 400% NP group (p = 0.44), so fish fed the diets with low NP supplementation were clearly not vitamin E deficient. In Trial 2, there was no effect of diet on Hb (Hemre et al, 2016).…”

“…There was a slight positive correlation between NP addition and Hb concentration in fish from Trial 1 (p (slope = 0) = 0.03) (Hemre et al, 2016), however, the slope was not significantly different from 0 after omitting the 400% NP group (p = 0.44), so fish fed the diets with low NP supplementation were clearly not vitamin E deficient. In Trial 2, there was no effect of diet on Hb (Hemre et al, 2016). Hamre & Lie (1995) found that mortality due to vitamin E deficiency commenced at whole body levels of α-TOH of 5 mg kg −1 wet weight, while the whole body concentration in fish fed the basal diet in this study were 18 and 32 mg kg −1 in Trials 1 and 2, respectively.…”

“…The seven experimental diets were produced at Biomar Technology Centre (Denmark), as described in Hemre et al (2016). All diets contained the same basal mixture of ingredients (10.4% marine protein ingredients and 3.5% fish oil of the whole receipt, the rest plant ingredients, Table 1).…”

“…A nutrient premix (NP), containing potentially critical micronutrients, amino acids, taurine and cholesterol, was added at graded levels to this diet and health indicators and biomarkers were used to estimate optimal supplementation of the different nutrients. Hemre et al (2016) presents data on general fish performance, retention of macronutrients, B-vitamins and amino acid metabolism. Data on selected minerals and vitamin A, D and K are presented by E.-J.…”