Atmospheric levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM 2.5 in Guangzhou, China

Liu, Jingjing; Man, Ruilin; Ma, Sheng; Li, Juansheng; Wu, Qi; Peng, Juanying

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.014

Cited by 145 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…The total average PAH concentrations (0.21-8.08 ng m -3 ) in PM 2.5 were close to those measured by Kume et al (2007) in Shizuoka, Japan (1.0-8.4 ng m -3 ), by Li et al (2009) in Atlanta, USA (3.16 ng m -3 ), by Martellini et al (2012) in Tuscany, Italy (5.52 ng m -3 ), by in Sanya, China (3.8-9.9 ng m -3 ), by Callén et al (2014) in Zaragoza, Spain (1.31-2.84 ng m -3 ), by Odabasi, et al (2015) in Izmir, Turkey (8.3 ng m -3 ), and by Oliveira et al (2016) in Portugal (1.45-4.23 ng m -3 ). Moreover, the total average PAH concentrations in this study were substantially lower than those reported earlier by numerous researchers such as Li et al (2005) in Guangzhou, China (15.8-84.8 ng m -3 ); Wu et al (2014) in Ordos, China (68.8 ng m -3 ); Krugly et al (2014) in Kaunas, Lithuania (20.3-131 ng m -3 ); Zhu et al (2015) in Jinan, China (30.8-140 ng m -3 ); and Liu et al (2015) in Guangzhou, China (33.9 ng m -3 ). The aforementioned studies had focused on PM 2.5 , not total suspend particles (TSPs).…”

Section: Pah Mass Concentrations Of Pm 25 In Relation To Seasonal Chcontrasting

confidence: 67%

Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risks of Atmospheric PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hsinchu, Taiwan

Yang

Hsu

Chen

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This study investigated PM 2.5 -bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in order to determine the seasonal changes in total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations and to identify contamination sources by using a positive matrix factorization model, a conditional probability function, and characteristic ratios of PAHs in Hsinchu. The sampling period was from September 2014 to August 2015. PM 2.5 samplers equipped with 47-mm quartz membrane filters were operated at a flow rate of 16.7 L min -1 for 48 h. The concentrations of 20 PAHs were determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed the PM 2.5 , total PAHs, and BaPeq mass concentrations in the four seasons ranged from 4.91 to 58.5 µg m -3 , 0.21 to 8.08 ng m -3 , and 0.03 to 0.78 ng m -3 , respectively. The PM 2.5 , total PAHs, and BaPeq mass concentrations were in the order winter > autumn > spring > summer and exhibited significant seasonal variations. The carcinogenic potency of PAHs in winter was approximately 6.21 times higher than that in summer. The major BaPeq contributors were BaP, BbF, INP, and DBA. BaP accounted for 49.0% of BaPeq concentrations in PM 2.5 in all four seasons. The annual average lifetime excess cancer risk of PM 2.5 -bound PAHs (1.60 × 10 -5 ) was higher than that specified in the United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines (10 -6 ). The two major sources were stationary emission sources and unburned petroleum and traffic emissions, which together accounted for 90.3% of PM 2.5 -bound PAHs.

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Section: Pah Mass Concentrations Of Pm 25 In Relation To Seasonal Chcontrasting

confidence: 67%

Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risks of Atmospheric PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hsinchu, Taiwan

Yang

Hsu

Chen

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…Similar dominant compounds were found in different cities (Xi'an, Jinan, Beijing) of China (Bandowe et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2011c). The average 24 h total PAH concentration (97 ng m −3 ) in this study was higher than the average value reported for Guangzhou in the south of China (average 45.5 ng m −3 , from Liu et al, 2015); however, it was lower than average values reported for Xi'an in winter (range 14-701 ng m −3 ; average 206 ng m −3 from Wang et al, 2006) and in the suburbs of Beijing in winter (average 277 ng m −3 , from Feng et al, 2005). Our average value (97 ng m −3 ) was comparable to the reported values in a recent study (Feng et al, 2019) at the campus of Peking University Health Science Center, a short distance from our sampling site (∼ 1 mile), where the authors reported a total PAH average concentration in winter Beijing (2014-2015) of 88.6 ± 75 ng m −3 .…”

Section: Data Analysis and Error Evaluationsupporting

confidence: 85%

Response to comments (SC1) by Alexandre Albinet

zein¹

2019

Preprint

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Ambient particulate matter (PM) can contain a mix of different toxic species derived from a wide variety of sources. This study quantifies the diurnal variation and nocturnal abundance of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and 9 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in ambient PM in central Beijing during winter. Target compounds were identified and quantified using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-Q-ToF-MS). The total concentration of PAHs varied between 18 and 297 ng m −3 over 3 h daytime filter samples and from 23 to 165 ng m −3 in 15 h night-time samples. The total concentrations of PAHs over 24 h varied between 37 and 180 ng m −3 (mean: 97 ± 43 ng m −3 ). The total daytime concentrations during high particulate loading conditions for PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs were 224, 54 and 2.3 ng m −3 , respectively. The most abundant PAHs were fluoranthene (33 ng m −3 ), chrysene (27 ng m −3 ), pyrene (27 ng m −3 ), benzo[a]pyrene (27 ng m −3 ), benzo[b]fluoranthene (25 ng m −3 ), benzo[a]anthracene (20 ng m −3 ) and phenanthrene (18 ng m −3 ). The most abundant OPAHs were 9,10-anthraquinone (18 ng m −3 ), 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (14 ng m −3 ) and 9-fluorenone (12 ng m −3 ), and the three most abundant NPAHs were 9-nitroanthracene (0.84 ng m −3 ), 3-nitrofluoranthene (0.78 ng m −3 ) and 3-nitrodibenzofuran (0.45 ng m −3 ).PAHs and OPAHs showed a strong positive correlation with the gas-phase abundance of NO, CO, SO 2 and HONO, indicating that PAHs and OPAHs can be associated with both local and regional emissions. Diagnostic ratios suggested emissions from traffic road and coal combustion were the predominant sources of PAHs in Beijing and also revealed the main source of NPAHs to be secondary photochemical formation rather than primary emissions. PM 2.5 and NPAHs showed a strong correlation with gas-phase HONO. 9-Nitroanthracene appeared to undergo a photodegradation during the daytime and showed a strong positive correlation with ambient HONO (R = 0.90, P < 0.001). The lifetime excess lung cancer risk for those species that have available toxicological data (16 PAHs, 1 OPAH and 6 NPAHs) was calculated to be in the range 10 −5 to 10 −3 (risk per million people ranges from 26 to 2053 cases per year).

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“…The values found in Guadalajara were approximately one order of magnitude lower than those recently reported (4.05 ng·m −3 ) in Cuernavaca, Mexico [23]. Similar levels were found in Florence, Italy (0.34-0.79 ng·m −3 ) [36], Hamilton, Canada (0.84 ng·m −3 ) [37] and Nanjing, China (0.42-1.35 ng·m −3 ) [31], while higher levels were obtained in Xi'an (2-64 ng·m −3 ) and Guangzhou (0.96-22.46 ng·m −3 ), China [38,39]. Among those 14 HAPs, five carcinogenic compounds (C-HAPs), including BaA, BbF, BkF, BaP, and IcdP, accounted for more than 50%.…”

Section: Health Riskssupporting

confidence: 71%

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico: Environmental Levels, Health Risks and Possible Sources

et al. 2018

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. Spatial variations were found during the dry-warm season, which were attributed mainly to differing intensities of local traffic and less dispersion of air pollutants in Miravalle. Seasonal variations were associated with increases in rainfall (June-September) and differences in temperature (January-May and October-January). The benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent (BaPE) and BaP results suggest that exposure to PM 2.5 -containing carcinogenic PAHs (C-PAHs) in Miravalle during the warm-dry and cold-dry seasons can be seen as representing a serious risk to human health. The contributions from potential sources to PAHs in PM 2.5 were evaluated by the diagnostic ratios between PAHs and principal component analysis (PCA). In the whole sampling period, vehicular emission activity, probably related to light and heavy traffic, was found to be the predominant contributor to PM 2.5 -bound PAHs.

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Atmospheric levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM 2.5 in Guangzhou, China

Cited by 145 publications

References 72 publications

Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risks of Atmospheric PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hsinchu, Taiwan

Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risks of Atmospheric PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hsinchu, Taiwan

Response to comments (SC1) by Alexandre Albinet

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico: Environmental Levels, Health Risks and Possible Sources

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